2020 미국 대선 “복잡한 수학 공식 필요없어…트럼프, 경합주 3곳 손쉽게 탈환” 선거 전문가 한동훈 2020년 11월 29일 주요 경합주 3곳에서 도널드 트럼프 미국 대통령이 손쉽게 승부를 뒤집을 수 있으리라는 분석이 나왔다. 2016년 대선 당시 트럼프 선거캠프에서 데이터·전략 국장으로 활동했던 선거 분석 전문가 맷 브라이너드는 25일 에포크타임스에서 “경합주 3곳에서 ‘미심쩍은 투표지’ 숫자가 바이든과 트럼프 간 표차보다 많다”고 밝혔다. 경합주 3곳은 모두 득표율 격차가 1%포인트 미만으로 매우 근소한 애리조나(0.3%P), 조지아(0.2%P), 위스콘신(0.7%P) 등이다. 그가 말한 수상한 투표지는 △선거일 전에 다른 주로 이사한 유권자 투표 △두 번 이상의 중복 투표 △우체국 등 실제 거주지가 아닌 주소로 등록한 유권자 투표의 세 종류다. 모두 선거 규정에 따라 무효처리돼야 할 투표들이다. 이 전문가는 선거 직후 팀을 구성해 펜실베이니아, 조지아, 미시간, 네바다, 위스콘신, 애리조나 등 경합주 6곳에서 ‘불일치’를 조사해왔다고 지난 24일 자신의 유튜브 채널을 통해 밝혔다. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 과세는 도둑질이다. 뿐만 아니라 당신이 번 돈을 빼앗아감으로써, 정부는 당신에게 강제 노동을 강요하고 있는 것이다. Not only is taxation theft, but by taking away part of the money you earn, the government is forcing you to work for it. Taxation and Forced Labor David Gordon When the government taxes you, it is taking away your money without your consent, and this is theft. This argument is well known, but there is another, though related, problem with taxes on income that you earn. By taking away part of the money you earn, the government is forcing you to work for it. Robert Nozick advanced this argument in Anarchy, State, and Utopia, and what I’d like to discuss in this week’s column is a defense of Nozick’s argument by Adam D. Moore that was published this year in the Southern Journal of Philosophy. It’s especially timely to discuss Moore’s article now, because Moore uses a famous argument by the philosopher Judith Jarvis Thomson, who passed away last Saturday. Thomson asks us to consider this case: “Violinist: You wake up in the morning and find yourself back to back in bed with an unconscious violinist. A famous unconscious violinist. He has been found to have a fatal kidney ailment, and the Society of Music Lovers has canvassed all the available medical records and found that you alone have the right blood type to help. They have therefore kidnapped you, and last night the violinist’s circulatory system was plugged into yours, so that your kidneys can be used to extract poisons from his blood as well as your own.” The violinist will die unless you remain hooked up to him for nine months. Do you have the right to detach yourself? Thomson thinks it is obvious that you do. You didn’t consent to the arrangement, and your body isn’t at the disposal of others, even if they need it in order to survive. (Thomson uses her example to defend the permissibility of certain cases of abortion, but that isn’t relevant here.) Moore varies the example in order to make it more relevant to his own argument. “Where in the original case Thomson has you hooked up for nine months, I will suppose that you are hooked up each day for several hours. Each day, the Society of Music Lovers kidnaps you and attaches the violinist. In five years, the violinist’s kidneys will be healed, and no further kidnappings will need to occur.” Moore says you would still be justified in detaching yourself, because the Society is using your body without your consent. He goes on to present a case of his own in which someone on an island has to work extra hours to support someone else unable to work. Here again Moore says you aren’t morally required to do so. It might be a nice thing to aid the person unable to work, but someone can’t be compelled to do this. The way the example applies to income taxes is obvious. When the government taxes your income, it is taking away the product of hours of your labor. Just as I would be appropriating your labor if I forced you to work several hours for me without paying you anything, the government by taxing your income is seizing hours of your labor. Moore considers an interesting objection to his argument. If you don’t want to pay income tax, couldn’t you avoid this by working less or for lower pay, so that your income fell below the minimum income for taxation? But why does the government have the right to put you in this unenviable position? Moore considers, in elaborate detail, a number of variations of the case, in each instance concluding that the government acts improperly. These I’ll leave to interested readers to examine for themselves. But isn’t Moore’s argument open to another objection? The government isn’t just taking away your hours of labor. It also provides you with benefits. Of course, most government programs are detrimental or at best useless, but never mind that. Moore responds by using another point that Nozick raised. People can’t confer benefits on you without your consent and then demand that you pay for them. “Nozick writes, ‘One cannot, whatever one’s purposes, just act so as to give people benefits and then demand (or seize) payment. Nor can a group of persons do this. If you may not charge and collect for benefits you bestow without prior agreement, you certainly may not do so for benefits whose bestowal costs you nothing, and most certainly people need not repay you for costless-to-provide benefits which yet others provided them.’” Most readers will already know how to answer the objection that the taxes aren’t imposed by a dictator but are the outcome of a democratic election. You can’t be forced to labor for others, even if your partial slavery is the result of a majority vote. The rejoinder that I am drawn to at this point is one word: democracy! In democratic societies we vote about how to share the benefits and burdens of social interaction. Everyone gets a vote, and the will of the majority decides the appropriate share of benefits and burdens. The idea is to join together two factors, accruing benefits and democracy, that will justify taxation and redistribution. But, imagine our original Violinist case and add in a small village where the principles of democracy and majority rule have been in place for centuries. After a brief campaign to get out the vote and save the violinist, the village votes unanimously–1 (your vote) to hook you up and begin your daily sessions with the violinist. I warrant that this would be immoral independent of the vote and the benefits. Moore with great ingenuity responds to a number of other objections, and I’ll mention just one more: Taxes are justified because citizens agree to them as part of a social bargain. In return for the benefits that society bestows on the fortunate—and by using the goods and services offered by society—these individuals are indebted and agree to this contract…[but] no one has actually signed this social contract. Minimally, for a contract to generate moral and legal norms it must take place in conditions that are fair and where the parties to the contract have enough information. For example, withholding crucial information (the “car” you are about to buy is a shell with no internal parts) or threatening someone (pointing a gun at someone to ensure they sign the contract) would invalidate whatever moral norms that might typically arise in a proposed contract. How would any of this work related to a social contract? Moreover, there may be individuals who simply “don’t use the facilities” so-to-speak. Not only have they not agreed to pay any taxes, but they also do not consume any societal benefits. We are greatly indebted to Moore for his fine analysis. But we don’t owe him any money for the benefit he has conferred on us, because we have signed no agreement to pay him. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 오수유탕은 중초, 하초의 허한虚寒과 탁음浊阴의 상충上冲으로 인한 각종 증후를 치료한다. 吴茱萸汤《伤寒论》用以治疗中、下二焦虚寒，挟浊阴上冲，所致的各种证候。 本方由吴茱萸、人参、生姜、大枣组成，吴茱萸温中，下气，散寒，降逆止呕，并有止痛作用。《本草经疏》说：“凡脾胃之气，喜温而恶寒，寒则 中气不能运化，或为冷食不消，或为腹内绞痛，或寒痰停积，以致气逆发咳，五脏不利。吴茱萸辛温，暖脾胃而散寒邪，则中自温，气自下，而诸证悉除。”人参， 大枣以益气补虚，可使中焦气盛，辅助补阳之药，以利于祛寒扶阳。生姜有散寒止呕、降逆、逐水饮的作用。诸药合用，成为一个温中、祛寒、补虚、降逆、止呕之 剂。可以治疗肝胃虚寒、浊阴上逆所致的呕吐、烦躁、头痛、手足厥逆等证。根据此方药物的性能，运用于临床以呕吐、头痛、烦燥、吐沫为主证者，但必须兼有手 足厥逆、脉沉迟等虚寒脉证，不论新久，均有一定的效验。 松原市中医院推拿按摩科赵东奇 一、呕吐（属胃寒者） 由于中阳不足，胃腑虚寒，不能腐熟水谷，浊阴之气上冲，故出现呕吐。证见食欲不佳，消化迟滞，食后呕吐，喜热怕冷，手足厥逆，脉多沉迟或虚缓无力，舌多色淡苔薄。 典型病例： 杨XX，男，42岁。偶尔食不适时即呕吐，吐出未经消化之食物及夹杂不少粘沫，吐出量并不多，为此未引起足够的重视，如此延续了将近十年。 近一年多以来病情加重，发展为每日饭后隔一至二小时，即频频呕吐不休，天气寒冷时尤其严重。曾用过不少止呕和胃健胃等药品，未曾获效。现手足厥逆，消化迟 滞，脉沉而迟。治以吴茱萸汤。 吴茱萸12克，人参6克，生姜30克，大枣5枚 服三剂后，呕吐减十分之五、六，继服三剂呕吐又复发到原来的程度。经询问情况才知道因当时未找到生姜，而以腌姜代替，不仅无效反而又使病情 反复。后配以生姜再进四剂，呕吐减十分之七、八，饮食增加，手足厥逆好转。宗此方化裁，共服20余剂，呕吐停止。观察一年来，未见复发。 二、头痛 吴茱萸汤治肝胃寒邪挟浊阴之气上逆，扰于清阳之府的头部而致的头痛。痛的部位多在正额和巅顶，痛时烦躁，恶心，吐沫，常见手足厥逆，脉多迟而弱。 典型病例： 张XX，男，30岁。患重感冒后引起头痛，疼痛剧烈难忍。并时时烦躁，恶心呕吐，吐出物皆痰涎之类，恶寒而不发热，手足不温、自觉口、鼻、 齿冰冷难忍。脉沉迟，舌色淡，苔滑。从表现证状和脉象看为中焦虚寒，复感外邪，引起浊阴之气上逆于清阳之府所致。治以吴茱萸汤，服一剂后，头痛顿减，呕吐 恶寒也有好转。守方共服三剂痊愈。 结语 吴茱萸汤所治由于虚寒引起的吐、利、烦躁、头痛等证，其药物的配合和疗效有很大的关系，其中生姜一味必不可少，更不能以干姜，腌姜等代替。 의이부자패장산 허한형虚寒型의 만성 맹장염 치료 薏苡附子败酱散 薏苡附子败酱散，是以薏苡仁、附子、败酱草组成。方中薏苡除湿排脓，《中国药植图鉴》说：“治肺水肿、湿性胸膜炎、排尿障碍、慢性胃肠病、 慢性溃疡。”附子温阳散结。败酱草解热毒排脓，消肿止痛，鲜者效果更好。《纲目》：“败酱善排脓破血，故仲景治痈，即古方妇人科皆用之。”《本草正义》： 败酱“能清热泄结，利水消肿，破瘀排脓”。《中药大辞典》：败酱“清热解毒，排脓破瘀”，治“产后瘀滞腹痛，痈肿疥癣”。《日华子本草》：败酱治“疮痍疥 癣丹毒”。仲景用本方治疗肠痈，以及由营血郁滞于里，使皮肤缺乏血液的滋养，而形成的“肌肤甲错”等证候。临床上用本方治疗阑尾炎脓已成的病证，效果之明 显，自不待说，并可治疗慢性阑尾炎，日久阳虚，脉迟，手足厥冷，缠绵不愈的属虚寒型者，效果也颇显著。另外，不论男女由多种原因造成的右少腹部疼痛，用本 方也有一定的效验。还可治疗鹅掌风。 《用方经验》本方条曰：“兼治遍身有疮疖如癞风，肌肤不仁，不知痛痒者。” 一、肠痈（阑尾炎） 本病是由于暴食暴饮、寒暑不节、饱食后负重疾走等原因，致湿热瘀血壅滞于肠间而成痈肿。证见右少腹疼痛、压痛、或按之肿硬、恶心呕吐、发热寒战等。本方适用于肠痈脓已成以及病久阳虚正不胜邪者。 典型病例： 胡xx，女，60岁。患慢性阑尾炎五、六年，右少腹疼痛，每遇饮食不当，或受寒、劳累即加重，反复发作，缠绵不愈。经运用西药青、链霉素等消炎治疗，效果不佳。又建议手术治疗，因患者考虑年老体衰，而要求服中药治疗。 初诊时呈慢性病容，精神欠佳，形体瘦弱，恶寒喜热，手足厥冷，右少腹阑尾点压痛明显，舌淡，苔白，脉沉弱。患者平素阳虚寒甚，患阑尾炎后，数年来更久服寒凉之药，使阳愈衰而寒愈甚，致成沉疴痼疾，困于阴寒，治宜温化为主。 熟附子15克，薏苡仁30克，鲜败酱全草15根，水煎服，共服六剂，腹痛消失，随访二年．概未复发。 二、鹅掌风和肌肤甲错 （一）鹅掌风 鹅掌风见《外科正宗》多因风湿凝聚，气血失养所致。或由接触传染而得，初起掌心及手指皮下，生小水泡搔痒，继而泡破，迭起白皮，脱屑，日久 皮肤粗糙变厚，甚则皲裂疼痛，入冬加重，自掌心可延及遍手，进一步发展可以引起指甲变厚，色灰黑而脆，病程缠绵，即手癣。亦包括手部慢性湿疹、掌蹠角化症 等。用本方治疗效果良好。 典型病例： 朱XX，男，56岁，肥皂工人。每年秋冬季患鹅掌风，起初手心发痒，皮肤变粗，继而流黄水，手掌皮肤逐渐变厚，呈鱼鳞状，奇痒难忍，到来年春天即自愈。给予薏苡附子败酱汤治疗，于未发作前两个月开始服用，连服30余剂，当年即未发，其后观察二年未曾复发。 （二）肌肤甲错 典型病例： 翟XX，女，19岁。于八、九岁以来即出现四肢及肩背部皮肤甲错，甲错部分呈盘状型，痒甚。每到夏天即基本上消失，逢冬即又发作，数年来一 直如此。1973年求治，细审其证状，患处皮肤异常粗糙，如鱼鳞形状，但与皮癣有明显分别，其他全身皮肤虽不似患处粗糙，但也是干燥、枯涩不润。考虑似仲 景所启示的内有瘀血，外失濡养所致的肌肤甲错，遂投以薏苡附子败酱汤。 处方：薏苡仁60克，熟附子9克，败酱草30克 连服20余剂后，不仅患处的皮肤改善，搔痒消失，就连全身皮肤也改变了原来的那种枯涩不润的状态，三年来未发作。到第四年诸证复发如前，又投以上方加减20余剂，痊愈。以后观察数年未见复发。 三、右少腹痛 由于多种原因造成的右少腹痛，以阑尾区压痛明显为用药依据，不论是否肠痈或其他疾患，用薏苡附子败酱散治疗皆有效验。另外，本方还可以治疗肚脐流水。 病例一： 田XX，女，43岁。因呕吐腹泻后，遗留右少腹痛半年之久，每因劳累、饱食或经前而加重。曾经妇科检查怀疑附件炎，外科考虑阑尾炎，运用中西药断续治疗数月未效。给予薏苡附子败酱汤治疗，服药二剂以后疼痛即减轻，又服四剂痊愈。随访半年未复发。 病例二： 张XX，女，39岁。患右少腹痛一年多，拒按，疼痛呈延续性，虽有暂止时，也不是绝对不疼，仍有隐微的痛觉。月经一年多以来一直不正常，每 次来时延绵三个月左右，量甚少，点滴淋漓。其间即使停止，最多停十数日又开始出血，仍延续数月不止。经数处医院诊断，皆诊为“功能性子宫出血”，用一般对 证治疗无效。一年多以来缠绵不愈。 患者虽以右少腹痛为主证，但阴道淋漓不断出血一年之久，属中医的崩漏证。右少腹痛和崩漏的发生几乎是同一时期，而且痛而拒按，并伴有头 晕、耳鸣、心悸、纳呆、手足厥冷、倦怠乏力等阴阳俱虚之证。其病因病机显然是寒凝血瘀于冲任而致少腹痛，血液受阻不得循经入络，滥于脉外，而发生崩漏。遂 以薏苡附子败酱汤（薏苡仁60克、附子12克、败酱30克）温阳散结，除湿消肿祛瘀止痛，又加以活血化瘀的丹皮来治疗，服药后下瘀血紫块甚多，腹痛崩漏一 并迅速治愈。 结语 1、薏苡附子败酱散治疗各种病证，如在有条件的季节和地区用鲜败酱草效果更好，汤剂每剂用量约20株，根茎最好保持完整。 2、薏苡附子败酱散治疗右少腹痛范围较广，除治疗阑尾炎以外，并可治疗附件炎、痛经以及因血瘀等原因造成的少腹痛，皆有效验。 3、鹅掌风之手皲裂为风湿凝聚，久而气血失养所致。肌肤甲错为各种原因致营血不能润养肌肤而呈干涩枯槁如鱼鳞状。“肌肤失养”为其主因。薏苡附子败酱散能温阳利湿散瘀消肿，使寒湿瘀血之瘀滞消散，经络通，肌肤得以濡养，则甲错、鹅掌风可愈。 总之，只要能谨守病机，就可举一反三，对“经方”应用自如。 감초건강탕 허한형 폐위肺痿병 치료 甘草干姜汤 甘草干姜汤在《伤寒论》中用以治疗伤寒因误治伤阳，引起四肢厥逆，烦躁、吐逆等证，《金匮要略》则以此方治疗虚寒型的肺痿病。 本方以炙甘草、干姜二味药组成。炙甘草能补中益气，干姜辛热温阳，主温肺胃之阳，辛甘合用为助阳之剂。因而可以治疗肺、胃虚寒造成的一部分 疾患。如：误汗下以后，表里俱虚，可以用本方以复阳；脾胃阳虚引起的胃痛以及吐逆疾患；肺痿属于虚寒者。并可治呕吐自利、吐涎沫、遗尿等证。凡属于肺胃之 气虚寒者，用此方治疗均有一定的效果。 诸前辈对此方的应用颇为广泛。 吴遵程曰：“甘草干姜汤，即四逆汤去附子也……其夹食，夹饮，面赤，足冷，发热，喘咳，腹痛，便滑，内外之邪相合，难以发散，或寒饮伤胃，宜合用理中，不便予参术者，皆可服之，真胃虚挟寒之圣剂也。” 《外台》：“治吐逆，水谷不下者，干姜甘草汤。”（即本方也——作者） 《伤寒绪论》曰：“伤寒，若心下结痛，无热证，不渴、不烦者，此寒实结胸也，甘草干姜汤……” 除以上论说外，并可治下列之病证。 一、吐涎抹 吐涎沫之证，多因中焦阳虚与肺冷而致，阳盛则失去温沫之权，肺冷则气虚不能温布津液，因而津液聚积化为涎沫，故多吐唾液或吐涎沫，以甘草干姜汤温复胃中之阳，温肺复气，使阳复而气温，津液得四布，则吐涎沫自愈。 典型病例： 李XX，女，65岁。患者形体肥胖，平素即不喜饮水，面部及下肢间有水肿，食稍有不适时即肠鸣腹泻，由此脾胃阳虚可知。一个多月以来，无明 显诱因忽唾液特多，唾出量一日一夜约一碗多，脉象沉迟。舌淡而胖，并有齿印。曾给服吴茱萸汤及五苓散数剂，病情不但不减，还续有增加。后宗《伤寒论》之 意，诊为肺胃虚寒，津液不能温布，故频频吐出。遂改用甘草干姜汤治之。 炙甘草15克，干姜15克。水煎服，一日一剂，连服五剂痊愈。 按：本例吐涎沫患者，是因中焦阳虚与肺冷而成，尤其是以肺冷为最，肺阳不足不能温布津液所致。在治疗方面，应以温肺助阳为主，前服五苓散、 吴茱萸汤都是治胃寒，逐水饮之药。用以治疗此病，似是而非，故服之无效。所谓差之毫厘，谬之千里也。后改用甘草干姜汤应手取效。故在临床上如辨证不确，虽 为小疾，也难于中窍。 二、小便失禁 甘草干姜汤，可治由虚寒引起的小便失禁。这一类型的小便失禁，是因上虚不能制下，下元虚寒，以致肾与膀胱气虚阳微，失其制约小便的功能，因而小便失禁，尿频，并兼不喜饮水或手足不温等证。 病例一： 任xx，男，60岁。偶尔小便淋漓失禁，自己认为这是一般老年人的普通现象，未引起重视。年复一年，竟然发展到小便完全不能自己控制，随时 溺出，痛苦万状。以炙甘草15克，干姜15克，水煎服，日服一剂。服30剂以后小便基本能自己控制，后将此方改为散剂，日服9克，以巩固之。 病例二： 乔xx，女，19岁，徒工。自幼有尿床的习惯，一直到现在，仍然是每晚尿床，不论冬夏，几乎夜夜如此。近几年来四出求医，间或有短期疗效，但不能巩固。年岁大了有此病患，颇为所苦。患者当时，面色不华，不喜饮水，手足不温，脉沉。诊为肺虚不能制下，下元虚寒所致。 炙甘草15克，干姜15克，白果10克，益智仁10克，水煎服，日服一剂。服到十剂时感到有明显效果，已经不是每晚尿床了，而是隔二、三日一次。照此方共服40余剂，又以此方配制蜜丸，继服半年多痊愈。 按：本例之小便失禁与猪苓汤之小便失禁有根本上的区别，此为上焦虚寒不能制下，致肾与膀胱气虚阳微，不能制约小便。猪苓汤为热伤津液，膀胱 气燥引起的小便失禁。又与单纯肾气虚寒不能制约小便有别。所以在治疗方面，此类型的小便失禁是以甘草干姜汤侧重温补中、上二焦，方能获得效果 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------