문죄인 정부가 민주제의 전환점으로 기대됐다니? 저런 한심한 교수가 바로 문죄인 미친 정권을 불러들인 주역 중의 하나이다.
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제2의 박연차, 이수영; 우람이 매수한 그린벨트의 진짜 주인은?
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문죄인, 맞아 죽기 전에 내려와!
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(대박)개표 조작 설계도 발견: 꼭 봐야할 영상
닥터리와 아이들
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박지원 국정원장 임명은 北지시...청문회 개판 - 조우석 칼럼 2020.07.20 [뉴스타운TV]
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화폐에 대한 수요가 증가한다고 인플레를 막을 수는 없다
돈에 대한 수요는 돈이 제공하는 서비스 때문에 발생하는 것이다. 사람들은 돈을 소비하는 대신, 그 돈을 상품과 서비스로 교환한다.
돈에 대한 수요가 증가한다는 것은 돈을 금고에 넣어두고 아무 일도 하지 않는다는 뜻이 아니라, 그것으로 다른 상품과 서비스로 교환하려 한다는 뜻이다.
만일 은행에서 윤전기로 돈을 찍어 시장에 공급하면, 허공에서 만들어진 이 돈은, 무(無)를 유(有)와 교환하는 기이한 현상을 만들고, 이로 인해 부를 창출하는 사람들의 수중에는 활용해야 할 자원이 감소된다.
호경기-불경기의 순환은 허공에서 만들어진 여신의 팽창에 의해 만들어진 것이다.
상응하는 수요의 증가가 있다면, 허공에서 만들어진 화폐의 증가는 아무 폐해가 없다는 주장은 거짓이다.
A Rising Demand for Money Won't Save Us from Inflation
Frank Shostak
According to popular thinking, not every increase in the supply of money will have an effect on the production of goods. For instance, if an increase in the supply is matched by a corresponding increase in the demand for money, then there will be no effect on the economy. The increase in the supply of money is neutralized, so to speak, by an increase in the demand for money or the willingness to hold a greater amount of money than before.
What do we mean by demand for money? In addition, how does this demand differ from the demand for goods and services?
Demand for Money versus Demand for Goods
The demand for a good is not essentially the demand for a particular good as such, but the demand for the services that the good offers. For instance, an individual's demand for food is on account of the fact that food provides the necessary elements that sustain an individual’s life and well-being.
Demand here means that people want to consume the food in order to secure the necessary elements that sustain life and well-being.
Likewise, the demand for money arises on account of the services that money provides. However, instead of consuming money, people demand it in order to exchange it for goods and services.
With the help of money, various goods become more marketable—they can secure more goods than in the barter economy. What enables this is the fact that money is the most marketable commodity.
Take, for instance a baker, John, who produces ten loaves of bread per day and consumes two loaves. The other eight loaves he exchanges for various goods such as fruit and vegetables. Observe that John’s ability to secure fruits and vegetables is on account of the fact that he has produced the means to pay for them, which are the loaves of bread. The baker pays for fruit and vegetables with the bread he has produced. Also, note that the aim of his production of bread, in addition to having some of it for himself, is to acquire other consumer goods.
Now, an increase in John’s production of bread, let us say from ten loaves to twenty a day, enables him to acquire a greater quantity and a greater variety of goods than before. Because of the increase in the production of bread, John’s purchasing power has increased. This increase in the purchasing power cannot always be translated in securing a greater amount of goods and services in the barter economy.
In the world of barter, John may have difficulties securing the various goods he wants by means of bread. It may happen that a vegetable farmer does not want to exchange his vegetables for bread.
To overcome this problem John would have to exchange his bread first for some other commodity that has a much wider acceptance rate than bread. John is now going to exchange his bread for the acceptable commodity and then use that commodity to exchange for the goods he really wants.
Note that by exchanging his bread for a more acceptable commodity John in fact raises his demand for this commodity. Also, note that John’s demand for the acceptable commodity is not to hold it as such, but to exchange it for the goods he wants. Again, the reason why he demands the acceptable commodity is because he knows that with its help he can convert his bread production more easily into the goods he wants.
Through a process of selection, people have settled on gold as the most accepted commodity in exchange. Gold has become money.
What It Means When the Demand for Money Increases
An increase in the general demand for money, let us say on account of a general increase in the production of goods, doesn’t imply that individuals sit on the money and do nothing with it. The key reason an individual has a demand for money is in order to be able to exchange it for other goods and services.
Let us assume that for some reason some individuals' demand for money has risen. One way to accommodate this demand is for banks to find willing lenders of money. With the mediation of banks, willing lenders can transfer their gold money to borrowers. Obviously, such a transaction is not harmful to anyone.
Another way to accommodate the demand besides finding willing lenders is for banks to create fictitious money, i.e., money out of “thin air”—unbacked by gold—and lend it out.
Creating Money out of "Thin Air" Leads to Exchanging Nothing for Something
Once employed in an exchange for goods and services, money created out of “thin air” sets in motion an exchange of nothing for something. The exchange of nothing for something amounts to the diversion of real wealth from wealth-generating to non-wealth-generating activities masquerading as economic prosperity. In the process, genuine wealth generators are left with fewer resources at their disposal, which in turn weakens their ability to grow the economy.
In contrast, when money is not generated out of “thin air” an individual who has secured proper money has exchanged something useful for it. He then exchanges the money for something else: with the help of proper money, something is exchanged for something.
Once banks curtail their supply of credit out of “thin air,” this slows down the process of exchanging nothing for something. This in turn undermines the existence of various false activities that sprang up on the back of the previous expansion in credit out of “thin” air—an economic bust emerges.
We can thus conclude that what sets in motion the boom-bust cycle is the expansion of credit out of “thin air” regardless of the state of the general demand for money. Could a corresponding increase in the demand for money prevent the damage that the creation of money out of “thin air” inflicts on wealth generators?
Let us say that because of an increase in the production of goods the demand for money increases to the same extent as the supply of money out of “thin air.” Recall that people demand money in order to exchange it for goods. Hence, at some point the holders of money out of “thin air” will exchange it for goods and the exchange of nothing for something will still occur. Once money out of “thin air” is introduced into the process of exchange, it inevitably weakens wealth generators, undermining potential economic growth and also setting up the menace of the boom-bust cycle.
Clearly, then, the expansion of the money supply is always bad news for the economy. Hence, the view that an increase in money out of “thin air” that is fully backed by a corresponding increase in demand for money is harmless is questionable.
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생맥산 합 영계출감탕으로 난치성 심력쇠갈을 치료하다
【古方今用】生脉散合苓桂术甘汤治疗难治性心力衰竭
作者：中日友好医院 杜金行 北京市安贞社区卫生服务中心 于丽君
病例简介
患者男性，31岁，工人。2012年9月14日因“间断胸闷6年余，加重1个月”，收入某三甲医院心内科，当时查超声心动图示全心增大，左室壁运动明显减低，肺动脉增宽，左室射血分数19%；胸片示全心扩大，心胸比例0.84。诊断为心力衰竭[纽约心功能分级（NYHA）Ⅳ级]、扩张型心肌病、高血压3级、2型糖尿病、高脂血症、睡眠呼吸暂停综合征、肾上腺增生。10月14日出院时超声心动图示左室射血分数39%，X线示心胸比例为0.75。
10月24日求治于中医，轮椅推入，病重面容，体型肥胖，气喘胸闷，走3~4步即喘，伴心悸，乏力气短，语声低微，动则汗出，双下肢水肿，夜眠不能平卧，无明显恶寒。舌质暗红，苔薄白，脉细滑。
辨证属于气阴两虚、血瘀水停，选用生脉散加苓桂术甘汤加减，西洋参10 g、麦冬15 g、天冬15 g、五味子10 g、茯苓30 g、桂枝10 g、炒白术15 g、炙甘草6 g、丹参20 g、泽兰30 g、炙黄芪20 g、车前子15 g、灵芝3 g、郁金10 g、冬瓜皮30 g。
服药1周后患者气喘胸闷、心悸症状明显好转，以后此方略有调整服用2个月，病情逐步改善，期间心内科门诊减少西药用量。2013年1月8日查超声心动图示左室射血分数63%，左室舒张末期内径54.3 mm，体重减轻，计步器每日步行900步。续服上方，6月13日超声心动图示左室射血分数68%，左室舒张末期内径49 mm，室壁厚度及运动幅度正常，各房室腔内径正常；每日步行6400步，胸片示心肺未见明显异常，B型脑钠肽（BNP）12 pg/ml。恢复正常的工作和生活。
病例讨论
慢性心力衰竭是各种心脏结构或功能性疾病导致心室充盈和（或）射血能力受损而引起的一组综合征。由于心室收缩功能下降，射血功能受损，心排血量不能满足机体代谢的需要，器官、组织血液灌注不足，同时出现肺循环和（或）体循环淤血，临床表现主要是呼吸困难、体力活动受限和水肿。本病属于心血管系统危重症之一，预后极差，5年生存率与肿瘤相仿。难治性心力衰竭（心衰）为心衰重症，对一般治疗反应差，症状长期或静息时持续存在，患者常须反复住院。
中医学认为本病属于中医“心悸”、“怔忡”、“痰饮”、“水肿”等范畴，但在临床诊治中须切实
抓住中医气、血、水的相互关系。中医认为心主血脉，心气是维持血液循环的原动力，血脉的正常运行全赖于心中阳气的推动与温煦，心气不足，鼓动无力，气血运行不畅，则血为之凝，气化不利则水为之停，“血不利则为水”，气损及阴，最终导致气（阳）阴两虚、血瘀水停而出现气喘胸闷、心悸乏力、水肿等心功能不全的症状。
生脉散原名生脉饮，出自《内外伤辨惑论》，由人参、麦冬、五味子组成，是治疗气阴两虚的代表方，具有益气养阴功效，多项现代研究也证实了其改善左室功能的效果，也可以说生脉散是治疗心功能不全，尤其是左心功能不全的代表方。因人参性烈，容易导致热生阴伤，因而常换做西洋参使用。
苓桂术甘汤出自《伤寒论》，由茯苓、桂枝、白术、炙甘草组成，是温阳化饮治疗痰饮的代表方，具有健脾化湿、温化痰饮的功效，突出反映了“病痰饮者，当以温药和之”、“短气有微饮，当从小便去之”的仲景理论观点，其中所含桂枝甘草汤温通心阳，可助心阳复生。
但值得注意的是，上述两方活血化瘀明显不强，因此根据病机，当加强活血化瘀作用，且最好选用泽兰、益母草、马鞭草等具有活血利水作用的药物。
（来自《全科医学周刊》2014年5月20日15版，转载请注明作者及来源）
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