아시아경제 지역 곳곳 무더기 '돌파감염'에, 커지는 백신 회의론 경북 주점서 74명 무더기 감염…1명 빼고 전부 접종자 청해부대, 부스터샷까지 맞은 승조원 27명 확진 전문가 "백신으로 유행 막기 어렵지만, 집단면역 달성 위해 필요" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 팬앤마이크 [탐사기획 그 後] 통혁당 13년 복역한 한명숙 남편 박성준, 결국 '무죄'···간첩사건,다 뒤집어지나 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 조선일보 [단독] 가정용 도시가스, ‘탄소중립’으로 사라지면 가구당 난방 요금 3배↑ keyo**** 근데 태양광은 밤에 발전도 못하는데 난방까지 전기로 하면 원전 추가로 안 짓고 화력을 존나 지어서 돌릴껀가ㅋㅋㅋㅋ 그럼 무슨 탄소중립인지ㅋㅋㅋ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (긴급) 남극 오존층 다시 붕괴되기 시작 팔레스 http://www.ilbe.com/view/11392397147 지구에 생긴 오존구멍은 2012년부터 다시 급격히 넓어지기시작했는데 범인이 누군지 몰랐음 단지 추측만할 뿐이었다 그러다가 국제연구로 중국이란게 밝혀지기 시작함 정확하게는 중국 동부에서 국제적으로 금지된 가스를 배출중임 그로 인해 오존구멍의 회복은 계속 늦춰지는중 ... 미래도 암울하다고 함 중국이 참 거대한 암덩어리같다 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 지적 재산권으로 혁신을 보상할 필요가 없는 이유 새로운 지식을 조합한 사람은 경쟁자들이 알지도 못하는 사이에, 자신의 아이디어를 실행에 옮기는 시간적 우위를 보유하게 된다. 그리고 경쟁자들이 리버스공학reverse engineer으로 그것을 다시 모방해 만들 때에는, 최초의 기업가는 이미 자신의 공장을 확충할 충분한 시간과 자본을 확보하게 된다. 만일 지적재산권을 없앤다면, 다른 기업가들도 혁신에 대해 더 많은 지식을 갖게 되고, 나아가 그것을 바탕으로 개선을 하기 때문에, 결국은 소비자가 큰 혜택을 받게 된다. 지재권으로 인해 최초의 혁신가는 더 이상 개선의 압력을 받지 않게 되고, 그의 독점으로 인해 소비자가 결국 손해를 보게 된다. Why Intellectual Property Isn't Necessary to Reward Innovation Bernardo Decoster The concept of a pioneer’s advantage is based on a single, intuitive pillar: it takes time for knowledge to spread throughout society. When an entrepreneur mixes his existing knowledge and creates a new idea—in other words, innovates—he is the one who knows best about this idea he just invented. When materializing this idea, it is a fact that not everyone in society immediately knows about this innovation nor how it works. This gives the innovating entrepreneur a temporal head start before his competitors (1) learn about the existence of this innovation, (2) decide to reverse engineer it, and (3) learn how to replicate it and operate it as effectively as him. In this way, we can indeed say that a pioneer advantage is some sort of “knowledge Cantillon effect.” The Cantillon effect states that money is nonneutral, that not all society is affected simultaneously by the injection of new paper currency. Thus, when new currency is minted, it follows a certain path in the economy, benefitting the early receivers more than the late ones. The early receiver benefit because they have a head start—a temporal benefit—of spending their money at a moment when the prices have not been altered by inflation. Thus, the earlier receivers become wealthier compared to late receivers. Similarly, when new knowledge is created, it does not impact the entirety of society at the same time. Knowledge and information are thus “asymmetric” in the sense that not everyone knows everything. Those who “minted” this new knowledge have a temporal benefit—a head start—of putting it in practice at a time when their competitors have not even heard about it. As this new knowledge spreads throughout society, consumers flock to this innovative entrepreneur, and if his innovation satisfies them more than what his competitors offer, the entrepreneur will make a profit. With this expansion of capital, the entrepreneur is able to expand operations and build more of this innovation. Losing consumers to this creative entrepreneur, his competitors suffer losses (this is what Schumpeter called “creative destruction”) and thus are forced by the profit and loss mechanism to seek a way to replicate the invention. This, however, takes more time, and by the time they have managed to reverse engineer it and begin building it, the entrepreneur has had considerable time and acquired enough new capital to expand his own operations and build several more replicas of his new innovation. Assuming away intellectual property (IP) laws, as other entrepreneurs learn more about this innovation—in other words, as the knowledge Cantillon effect is spreading throughout society—they themselves will begin to improve this innovation in an attempt to replicate the breakthrough. When that happens, these entrepreneurs will themselves get a pioneer advantage in their own innovations. Ultimately, the consumers are the ones who benefit the most in this innovative flying circus. Society is propelled forward entrepreneurs build on top of other innovations, create more and more knowledge, and expand more and more according to how much they satisfy the consumers. This concept is extremely useful in solving one of the main objections to the repeal of intellectual property laws. When someone proposes ending laws that monopolize ideas, the very first objection raised is usually this one: “Well, big corporations will just instantly copy the entrepreneur!” In fact, this was one of the first arguments made by Richard Epstein in his debate against IP lawyer Stephan Kinsella. Without IP laws, the entrepreneur is not able to sit back and collect rent on his innovation, as his competitors are on the move to reverse engineer and improve on it. He’s forced to continually innovate, expand operations, and satisfy the consumers ever more in order to keep his business afloat. With IP laws, however, there is no competitive pressure for the entrepreneur to continue improving his innovation. As the state blocks his competitors from reverse engineering his innovation, this entrepreneur is effectively granted a monopoly on the sector. As time goes by, the losses become overwhelming and most competitors go out of business, the sector becomes monopolized by a single entity. A great example of an entrepreneur who innovated, had a pioneer advantage, and due to IP laws managed to create a monopoly is Steve Jobs and Apple, his company. Steve innovated with the iPhone and revolutionized the smartphone industry, causing the absolute downfall of Nokia, at the time the largest smartphone manufacturer. This is a practical demonstration of how pioneer advantages generate creative destruction. However, due to IP laws, other entrepreneurs weren’t able to improve or replicate the iPhone. This unfortunate reality resulted in a creative stagnation as Apple sat back and was relieved of being efficient by state law. This monopolization of an idea due to state intervention resulted in the cartelization of the smartphone industry and an absurd concentration of wealth in Apple. Without IP laws, Apple would have still grown and profited considerably and Nokia would have still been knocked down. But other entrepreneurs would have been able to improve on the iPhone and replicate it, applying considerable competitive pressure to Apple. This would have birth a new, freer environment and would have never led to such a concentration of wealth in Apple. The company probably would have still been big, but nowhere near as big as it is now nor as creatively stagnant. In summary, a pioneer’s advantage is the temporal head start an entrepreneur has after innovating, which grants him considerable time to build wealth and market share before this knowledge spreads to other entrepreneurs and they themselves start improving on and replicating the innovation. It goes without saying that this ultimately benefits the consumers, and society at large, the most. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 사역산과 반하후박탕을 합방해 정신의 긴장과 스트레스 등에 사용하는 이유 解读四逆散和半夏厚朴汤的合用 　　最近一段时间，有几个问题一直萦绕在我的心间，第一，为什么很多人钟爱四逆散合半夏厚朴汤?第二，合方为什么多用于精神紧张、工作压力造成的疾病?第三，柴胡、枳实、厚朴、芍药的作用是什么? 　　带着这些问题，我去找胡希恕胡老、冯世纶冯老的讲解，翻看黄煌教授的书，研究黄煌教授的医案，对以上问题有了浅显的认识，请允许我讲解出来，供大家批评指正。 　　先讲一个我前天吃饭喝冰镇啤酒的感受，一杯冰镇啤酒下肚，瞬间肚子绞痛，这是冷刺激造成的肠胃肌肉猛烈收缩痉挛造成的挛痛，从这个切身经历，让我体会到：环境的变化首先作用在肌肉，造成肌肉伸缩的障碍而产生病痛，如果不尽快解决这个障碍，长期以往会造成器质病变，那个时候就不是能够迅速解决的了，也许需要外科手术. 　　举个例子：如果将我们的一个手指底部用线条困住，让血液不能通畅，手指首先会痉挛抽搐，时间一长会肌肉坏死，直到非截肢不可的地步，如果在肌肉坏死之前将线条剪断让血脉通畅起来，手指就会恢复健康，这就是我们中医能够在西医没有检查出器质病变，各项指标都正常，处于西医所说的亚健康(中医认为有病痛)的状态下，中医能够迅速将人体从亚健康状态恢复到健康状态，而不允许长期亚健康存在造成器质的病变。 那么用什么药物能够解决肌肉的拘急痉挛状态，也就是肌肉伸缩障碍呢?我认为是那些中医所认为的行气药，包括厚朴、枳实、陈皮等，甚至可以认为柴胡、葛根都是行气药，四逆散里有柴胡、枳实、芍药都是帮助解除肌肉的拘急痉挛状态的药物，所以四逆散可以解决因为手脚毛细血管平滑肌的痉挛造成的手脚冰凉，这个手脚毛细血管平滑肌的痉挛是可以是由于精神紧张、收到惊吓、工作压力大等造成的。 　　肌肉的收缩和中医所说的气是一个什么关系呢?中国人对一个有生命的东西会说“它活着”，“活着”就是还有“气儿”，“有气儿”的意思就是它还能有变化，“气”等于“变化”，天气是天地的变化，脾气是脾的变化，心气是心的变化，这些变化靠什么?靠能量。所以也有人说“气”是能量，是含有能量的细微物质。对于人体的变化，主要靠肌肉的伸缩拉动骨骼等产生位置的变化(即运动)，“气”又表现在“肌肉的伸缩运动”，行气药调节“气”的运动就是调节“肌肉的伸缩运动”，我认为我说明白了：包括柴胡、葛根在内的厚朴、枳实、陈皮等行气药，归根结底是作用在肌肉，是解肌，是对肌肉的按摩和放松，是对肌肉的催眠。这些应该都可以通过实验室的试验去验证我的说法。 中医认为疾病由浅入深的过程是：先在表，即在皮肤和腠理，在卫分在气分，是肌肉的层面;然后入里影响到水的代谢和血的循环。 对于环境的急速变化(天气的冷热变化、细菌的侵袭、心理的激变)产生的病变，一定是先影响肌肉表层，可以用柴胡、枳实、芍药、厚朴等药解除肌肉障碍，这些药是合方的主要组成部分。 　　柴胡、枳实、芍药、厚朴这些药有一个共同点，就是针对胸满腹满的治疗，这个满一定是气满，也就是痞满,这个满是胸腹肠胃痉挛造成的。 人体由主要的三部分组成：一是肌肉，二是水，三是血。肌肉收缩障碍、水液代谢异常、血液循环不畅引起的病症占有相当的比例，有以下三类药物相互配合进行治疗能够解除这些病痛，一类是行气药，主要作用在肌肉，增加肌肉的伸缩能力(黄芪的功效)，解除肌肉痉挛;二类是利水药，作用在血管壁、细胞壁，调节渗透压，改善水液代谢;三类是活血药，作用在血液循环，降低血粘度，去瘀血生新血。 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------