나경원 원내대표
더불어민주당과 일부 야당이 야합해 급조한 명칭도 낯선 ‘50% 권역별 연동형 비례대표제’의 실체가 여의도 최대 수수께끼가 되고 있다. 여의도 대표 정치 9단인 박지원 의원도 이해하지 못하는 선거제이며, 심지어 선거제 개편에 합의한 장본인들도 설명하지 못한다.
더 문제는 이런 선거제를 만들어놓은 당사자들의 인식이다. 연동형 비례대표제와 같이 복잡한 선거제도는 산식 그 자체가 바로 선거제도이다. 어떤 산식이 쓰이느냐에 따라 후보자의 당락이 결정되고 나아가 대한민국 의회 구성의 판도가 바뀐다. 즉, 연동형 비례대표제에서는 산식이 곧 민주적인 민주주의의 질서인 것이다.
그런데 이 산식을 알려달라는 기자들 질문에 심장정 의원은 ‘국민들은 산식을 알 필요 없다’는 식으로 답했다. 오만한 태도이다. 산식이 아무리 복잡하고 어려워도 국민은 그 산식을 알 권리가 있다. 또 선거제를 개편하겠다는 국회의원은 그 산식을 국민들에게 소상히 설명해야 할 의무가 있다.
이에 대해 문제를 제기하자 좁쌀정치라고 한다. 선거제의 투명성을 요구하는 목소리가 좁쌀정치인가. 이것은 바로 국민을 좁쌀로 여기는 정치 아닌가 이렇게 생각한다. (발췌)
------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------
그 때문에 동한단층과 양산단층이 압력을 받게되어 포항, 울진에 지진이 발생하게 되었음
지구의 지각 맨탈은 두껍기 때문에 핵실험 후 3~5년 후에 지진이 발생하게 된거고
작은 발전소 하나가 지진을 발생 시킨다는 개소리 좀 그만해라
[출처] 포항 지진의 발생 원인
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
마약혐의 버닝썬 대표 이문호 영장기각한 신종열 중앙지법 영장판사
신종열 영장판사는 지난 달에 송경호 판사와 함께 세로운 중앙지법영장 부장판사인데
검색을 해보면 신종열 송경호 판사에 대한 판결문 등 관련 자료가 전혀 없습니다
양승태 전 대법원장을 구속할려고 기존에 있던 영장판사 3명 외에 검찰 출신
명재권 임민성을 추가로 작년 10월에 영장전담판사 임명하더니 명재권 영장판사는
양승태 전 대법원장과 대구 출신 조현오 전 경찰청장 구속
지금은 중앙지법영장판사가 명재권 임민성 신종열 송경호 4명
영장전담판사를 문재인과 김명수 말 잘 듣는 영잔전담 판사를 추가로 임명하여
양승태 전 대법원장과 조현오 전 경찰청장 구속은 문재인 좌익독재정권만이
하는 독재짓이 아니고 무엇입니까?
지금 문재인 좌익독재정권처럼 판검사가 개판인 적은 대한민국 역사상
없었습니다
김경수와 김경수 추종자들이 하는 짓을 기가 막힙니다
어제 김경수 항소 재판장이 말한 것처럼 재판부가 불만이면 재판부 기피신청하면
될 일을 막가파짓으로 재판장을 공격은 문재인 추종자들만 가능한 짓들입니다
전두환은 사건을 서울로 옮겨달라고해도 광주법원이 막가파짓으로 광주법원에서
재판 받으라는 짓은 막가파짓이 아니고 무엇입니까?
[출처] *마약혐의 버닝썬 대표 이문호 구속영장 기각한 신종열 영장전담판사
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
문재인은 3월 9일부터 16일까지 6박7일에 걸쳐 하루에 수십억 원을 들여가면서 아무런 외교적 영양가가 없는 아세안 회교국가 3국, 브루나이·말레이시아·캄보디아를 방문했다. 마지막 방문국인 캄보디아에서 문재인은 현지시간 3월15일에 훈센 총리에게 이렇게 말했다.
“내전을 극복해낸 캄보디아의 지혜를 나누어주시기 바란다.”
캄보디아의 훈센총리에 대한 키워드는 내전의 승자다.
매우 민감한 이 시기에 던진 민감한 이 발언, 의미심장한 발언이 아닐 수 없다.
캄보디아 내전은 킬링필드로 대변된다.
미국과 북한이 핵문제를 놓고 평행선을 달리고 있다. 이로 인해 무게의 축이 문재인 패거리에서 우익진영으로 급속 이동하고 있다. 문재인이 그가 저지른 엄청난 범죄행위에 대해 결산당할 날이 코앞에 다가오고 있다. 바로 이런 시기에 문재인은 킬링필드에 날아가 킬링필드에 대한 지혜를 간구한 것이다. 순순히 죽지 않고 피를 뿌려보겠다는 의미심장한 말로 들린다.
2019. 3. 19. 지만원
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
중국의 권위주의가 전체주의로 개혁되고 있다.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
미국이 자신을 보호하는 유일한 길은 중국과의 관계 단절이다.
----> 여러 가지 이유로 미국은 끝내 중국과의 관계를 끝내지 못할 것이다.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
무조건 퍼날라주세요. 긴급상황이예요. 고영주 변호사님의 전국민 대상 호소문 2019.1.31
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2020년까지 총 496억원에 달하는 연구비를 투입할 예정
[출처] 미세먼지 이동 경로 밝히는데 496억 투입 예정
----> 헛지랄에 돈 쓰고 싶어서 환장한 인간들 같다. 정말 미세먼지가 어디에서 오는지 몰라는 저러는 걸까?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
인구가 증가할수록 자원이 고갈되기는커녕 오히려 풍부해지고 있다.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
고비라는 물고기 암컷의 개체수가 증가하면서, 암컷들끼리 싸움이 늘어나고 또 암컷이 수컷에게 구애하는 현상도 나타났다고 한다. 몇 달 만에 성 역할이 완전히 바뀌었다고 한다.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
세계의 현상이 자연의 법칙에 부합할 때 비로소 인간 존재의 근거가 마련된다.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
근대 이전의 사고 방식은 개인주의적 사고와 계몽주의의 명목주의적 사회철학으로 차파되었다,
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
[출처] 미세먼지 이동 경로 밝히는데 496억 투입 예정
----> 헛지랄에 돈 쓰고 싶어서 환장한 인간들 같다. 정말 미세먼지가 어디에서 오는지 몰라는 저러는 걸까?
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
저 인간은 한국에서 파내서, 북한으로 추방해야 할 사상의 흉악범이다.
인구가 증가할수록 자원이 고갈되기는커녕 오히려 풍부해지고 있다.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
현대 화폐 이론의 문제
현대 화폐 이론은 돈을 토큰처럼 여기고 있어서, 그 정의에 따르면, 금이나 은이나 종이 등, 정부가 정하는 것은 무엇이든 돈이 된다.
하지만 화폐는 지불의 수단이 아니라 보편적인 교환의 수단이다. 미제스는 어제의 화폐의 구매력이 오늘의 화폐에 대한 수요를 결정한다고 말한다.
따라서 화폐의 가격에 대한 어제의 정보가 없다면, 오늘의 화폐 구매력은 성립될 수가 없다.
미제스의 생각에 따르면 화폐는 정부의 칙령이나 승인이 아닌, 하나의 상품으로서 나타났음을 알 수 있다.
원래 종이 화폐는 금을 은행에 맡겼다는 표시였을 뿐이었지만, 종이 돈이 편리했기 때문에 화폐로 통용되게 되었다.
정부가 화폐와 상품(서비스) 사이의 교환율을 정한다면, 시장을 제치고 가격이 정부에 의해 결정된다. 하지만 그렇게 되면 자원이 효율적으로 이용되지 못하고 경제적인 궁핍이 뒤따른다. 공산권의 국가들이 이를 증명한다.
The Problem with Modern Monetary Theory
Frank Shostak
According to the Modern Money Theory (MMT), money is a thing that the State decides upon. Following the ideas of the German economist Georg Knapp, the MMT simply regards money as a token. For instance, when an individual places a coat in the cloakroom of a theatre, he receives a tin disc or a paper receipt. This receipt or a disc is a proof that the individual is entitled to demand the return of his coat. The token was labeled by Knapp as chartal or a pay token.
In this way of thinking, money is seen as a chartal means of payments. According to the MMT, the material used to manufacture the tokens is irrelevant — it can be gold, silver, or any other metal or it can even be paper. Hence, the definition of money according to the MMT is what the State decides it is going to be.
According to this theory, the value of money is established because the State forces people to pay taxes with the money that the State has decided upon. The State taxes have to be paid with the money tokens issued by the State. The State also has the ability to control the value of money through its declaration of how much it is willing to pay for a certain commodity produced by the private sector. What we have here is a situation wherein the State exchanges empty tokens for goods and services produced by individuals. It then requires them to pay taxes with part of the tokens.
If one dissects the whole process, one discovers that it is about an exchange of worthless tokens for real goods and services (i.e. nothing for something).
In the MMT framework, the token money is seen as a receipt on the economy’s resources. A token money held by an individual is regarded like his claim on a portion of resources. Individuals have exchanged goods and services for a receipt given to them by the government. In this way of thinking, individuals who have generated goods and services are acknowledged for this by the tokens issued to them by the government. In short, individuals are the owners of goods and services and can exercise their claim over these goods and services whenever individuals deem it is required.
We have seen that according to the MMT, money is a means to pay taxes, which also sets the money’s purchasing power and in turn makes it an accepted means of payment throughout the rest of the economy.
Is it true, however, that money is simply a means of payment? Do individuals pay with money or the goods and services they have produced? To ascertain what money is all about we have to establish its essence — its definition.
Defining Money
To establish the definition of money we have to ascertain how a money-using economy evolved. Money emerged as a result of the fact that barter could not support the market economy. The distinguishing characteristic of money is its function as the general medium of exchange. It has evolved from the most marketable commodity. On this Mises wrote,
There would be an inevitable tendency for the less marketable of the series of goods used as media of exchange to be one by one rejected until at last only a single commodity remained, which was universally employed as a medium of exchange; in a word, money.
Similarly Rothbard wrote that,
Just as in nature there is a great variety of skills and resources, so there is a variety in the marketability of goods. Some goods are more widely demanded than others, some are more divisible into smaller units without loss of value, some more durable over long periods of time, some more transportable over large distances. All of these advantages make for greater marketability. It is clear that in every society, the most marketable goods will be gradually selected as the media for exchange. As they are more and more selected as media, the demand for them increases because of this use, and so they become even more marketable. The result is a reinforcing spiral: more marketability causes wider use as a medium which causes more marketability, etc. Eventually, one or two commodities are used as general media-in almost all exchanges-and these are called money.
In short, money is the thing that all other goods and services are traded for. This fundamental characteristic of money must be contrasted with other goods. For instance, food’s characteristic is that it supplies the necessary sustenance to human beings. Capital goods’ characteristic is that it permits the expansion of the infrastructure that in turn will permit the production of a larger quantity of goods and services. Contrary to the MMT then, the essence of money has nothing to do with tax payments to the government.
Furthermore, money’s function is not a means of payment as argued by the MMT but as a general means of exchange. People pay with goods and services for other goods and services with the help of money. Money facilitates the payments of one good for another good. Also, contrary to the MMT money is not a claim on resources but just the general medium of the exchange.
In addition, does it make sense that money emerged because of the need to pay taxes to the government? The State or a sovereign could by a decree force people to do what the State and sovereign wants. The sovereign does not require issuing some empty tokens in this regard.
Also, could the sovereign force individuals to use tokens in the transactions among themselves? Why would anyone accept a token as a payment because government accepts these tokens as tax payments?
Mises Explains How the Value of Money is Established
In his writings, Mises had shown how money became accepted. He began his analysis by noting that today's demand for money is determined by yesterday's purchasing power of money. Consequently for a given supply of money, today's purchasing power is established in turn. Yesterday's demand for money in turn was fixed by the prior day's purchasing power of money.
So, for a given supply of money, yesterday's price of money was set. The same procedure applies to past periods.
By regressing through time, we will eventually arrive at a point in time when money was just an ordinary commodity where demand and supply set its price. The commodity had an exchange value in terms of other commodities, i.e., its exchange value was established in barter. To put it simply, on the day a commodity becomes money it already has an established purchasing power or price in terms of other goods. This purchasing power enables us to set up the demand for this commodity as money.
This in turn, for a given supply, sets its purchasing power on the day the commodity starts to function as money. Once the price of money is fixed, it serves as input for the establishment of tomorrow's price of money. It follows then that without yesterday's information about the price of money, today's purchasing power of money cannot be established.
With regards to other goods and services, history is not required to ascertain present prices. A demand for these goods arises on account of the perceived benefits from consuming them. The benefit that money provides is that it can be exchanged for goods and services. Consequently, one needs to know the past purchasing power of money in order to establish today's demand for it.
Applying Mises’s framework, also known as the regression theorem, we can infer that it is not possible that money could have emerged as a result of a government decree or government endorsement or social convention. The theorem shows that money must emerge as a commodity.
On this Rothbard wrote,
In contrast to directly used consumers' or producers' goods, money must have pre-existing prices on which to ground a demand. But the only way this can happen is by beginning with a useful commodity under barter, and then adding demand for a medium to the previous demand for direct use (e.g., for ornaments, in the case of gold). Thus government is powerless to create money for the economy; the process of the free market can only develop it.
But how does all this relate to paper money? Originally, paper money was not regarded as money but merely as a representation of gold. Various paper certificates represented claims on gold stored with the banks. Holders of paper certificates could convert them into gold whenever they deemed necessary. Because people found it more convenient to use paper certificates to exchange for goods and services these certificates came to be regarded as money.
The Role of Central Banks
In a free-market economy, a bank that over-issues paper certificates will find out quickly that the exchange value of its certificates in terms of goods and services will fall. To protect their purchasing power, holders of the over-issued certificates would most likely attempt to convert them back to gold. If all of them were to demand gold back at the same time, this would bankrupt the bank. In a free market, then, the threat of bankruptcy would restrain banks from issuing paper certificates unbacked by gold.
The government can, however, bypass the free-market discipline. It can issue a decree that makes it legal for the over-issued bank not to redeem paper certificates into gold. Once banks are not obliged to redeem paper certificates into gold, opportunities for large profits are created that set incentives to pursue an unrestrained expansion of the supply of paper certificates. The uncurbed expansion of paper certificates raises the likelihood of setting off a galloping rise in the prices of goods and services that can lead to the breakdown of the market economy.
In order to prevent such a breakdown, the supply of paper money must be managed. The main purpose of managing the supply is to prevent various competing banks from over-issuing paper certificates and from bankrupting each other. This can be achieved by establishing a monopoly bank — i.e., a central bank — that manages the expansion of paper money.
To assert its authority, the central bank introduces its own paper certificates, which replace the certificates of various banks. The central bank money purchasing power is established on account of the fact that various paper certificates, which carry purchasing power on account of their historical link to gold, are exchanged for the central bank money at a fixed rate. The central bank's paper certificates are fully backed by bank certificates, which have the historical link to gold.
It follows then that it is only on account of the historical link to gold that the central bank's pieces of paper acquired purchasing power, not by government decree.
The MMT Framework and Wealth Creation
In the MMT world, given that money is created by the government and given that the government is able to print freely as much money as it requires, the government by implication has command over unlimited amounts of real wealth.
If the government determines what should be regarded as money and what is going to be its value, this also means that the government dictates the rate of exchanges between money and goods and services. This means that prices are set by the government and bypasses market forces. Economic theory shows that such conduct leads to the inefficient use of resources and in turn leads to economic impoverishment. An example in this regard is the collapse of the former Soviet Union and the inability of planned economies such as Cuba and the North Korea to feed its people.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
胃는 肾의 관关이라는 말의 의미
明心堂医案医话（三）：试论“胃为肾之关”
缩泉丸加减方最大的特点是：方中大量应用黄芪、党参、白术、山药、芡实、炙甘草等补脾益气的药物来治疗肾系的疾病，而且所用药味、药量多于补肾祛寒、固泉缩尿的药物，好像有点喧宾夺主的感觉，但实际上是运用了一种“培土治水”的治法。这一经验来自一位姓孙的儿科中医前辈，她在治疗慢性肾炎、肾病综合症的蛋白尿，尿频、尿床等肾系疾病时，往往大量应用上述的补脾益气药物，取得良好效果。
中医界一直有一句话争论不休。现代版本的《内经•水热穴论》“肾者，胃之关也，关门不利，故聚水而从其类也，上于溢于皮肤，故为跗肿”。清代，陈士铎却多次在其著作中提到“胃为肾之关”，并指出“胃为肾之关，非肾为胃之关，《内经》年久讹写误传，世人错认肾为胃之关门，胃气先弱，不能为肾闭其关门……”(《辨证录•卷十•种嗣门》)。到底是“肾为胃之关”还是“胃为肾之关”，如何理解“胃为肾之关”？只有通过不断临床实践检验理论的正确与否。今就个人现在所在层次试论之： 肾属水，脾胃属土，土克水。肾之关门不利，可以理解为两个层面：关门不开，将引发水液的壅塞，排出不畅而水肿、癃闭等；关门不合，可引发水液排泄过度，不能固摄而遗尿、尿频、遗精、水泻、消渴等。在治疗上确实可以采用补脾胃的方法治疗肾的关门不利引起的水液代谢失常类疾病。故而说“胃为肾之关”个人认为可以成立。
试观天下之大江、大河、湖泊、溪流、水井、泉眼，甚而汪洋大海是为五行之属水者，承载制约他们的是什么呢？“土”。在水的周围：江河湖泊、溪流井泉有堤坝水岸，大海大洋有沙滩岸礁；在水的底部有河床、江底、湖底、海底、井底；岸也好，堤坝也好，沙滩也好，礁石也好，泥也好，都归属五行里面的“土”。 在人体“土”对应着五臓里面的脾，六腑里面的胃。在更深层次“土”对应着八卦（乾、坎、艮、震、巽、离、坤、兑）里面的“坤”、四大（地、火、水、风）里面的“地”。他承载了一切水，同时也在治理约束着一切水。运用“土克水”的理论来调节水液代谢，可以理解为两个层面：一，“培土治水”防止水的过度泛滥流淌；二，“疏土治水”防止水的壅遏不通。否则就会引起异常。一如果不能“培土治水”水液就会泛滥溢出，在自然界表现为没有堤岸的卫护，江河将泛滥成洪水，海洋将掀起海啸漫堤；在人体表现为脾虚导致肾之关门不合，水液泛滥溢于经络臓腑之外的水肿、遗尿、尿频、尿急、尿里有蛋白、遗精、早泄、流涎、水泻、下消等病症；二，如果不能“疏土治水”水也就会壅塞不通，在自然界表现为堰塞湖、在大江大河上修建水电站、大坝带来的危害；在人体表现为脾虚导致肾之关门不开，水液壅塞于经络臓腑的水肿癃闭、腹水、胸水、痰饮等病症。
在治疗人体疾病时，古人运用五行生克制化理论创造的“培土治水”，和“疏土治水”理论，采用调理脾胃的方法治疗肾的关门不利引起的水液代谢疾病，疗效可靠。应用此理论创造的方剂如治疗水肿的实脾饮；治疗痰饮的苓桂术甘汤、肾著汤；治疗五更泄的四神丸等仔细体会都蕴含着这一理论。缩泉丸加减方，也是通过补脾益气治疗肾的关门不利、膀胱失约所导致的水液代谢失调的尿频病症，就是一个实际运用的例子。
下面再举一例： 患者：刘**，女，29岁，首诊2012年3月26日，主诉：妊高症后，蛋白尿（++～+++）持续两年。现病史：患者怀孕期间发现妊高症，经西药治疗，分娩后血压恢复正常，但尿蛋白一直维持在（++～+++），谷丙转氨酶轻度异常（最近一次ALT：47），多方治疗，无明显效。身体消瘦，面色黧黑，心烦易怒，倦怠乏力，纳谷不香，二便尚可，舌淡红苔薄白，舌体偏瘦，脉沉细而弦。 治则：滋肾阴，养肝血，平肝用——熄肾络之火； 健脾益气——固肾络之堤岸。 处方：六味地黄丸加减 熟地30克 山萸肉30克 山药20克 茯苓20克 泽泻15克 牡丹皮15克 黄芪30克 党参30克 芡实20克 鸡内金15克 白术15克 柴胡15克 半夏15克 黄芩15克 甘草15克 生姜15克 大枣15克 白芍20克 枳壳15克 女贞子15克 旱莲草20克 枸杞子15克 5剂 用法：水煎服，一剂一天半，早晚各一服。
二诊2012年4月5日， 自诉：于2012年4月3日在县医院复查尿常规：蛋白（—），ALT：44。自觉脾气明显好转，胃口好，大便通畅，睡眠足，倦怠乏力之感明显减轻。 处置：效不更方，上方加五味子10克，降转氨酶，收敛肾气。 按：后来，患者又有些小毛病来诊所调理时告知，上次一共服用中药10剂，尿蛋白转阴，肝功也恢复正常。至今已将近两年未复发。
分析： 患者职业：教师，平素心烦易怒，工作繁忙，在妊娠期间，阴血更显不足，肝阳上亢，导致血压升高，肝火伤络，导致肾络损伤，尿中漏出蛋白。分娩后，阴分渐充，肝火下降，血压恢复正常，但肝火仍旺，肾络之损伤一直未能完全修复，故而尿蛋白持续不降。肝火仍旺，故转氨酶一直稍高。古代并无蛋白尿这一病症，治疗起来从何着手呢？我们可以把它看作是肾臟里面的络脉血管的堤岸作用减弱，使得肾臟络脉里面的精华漏出脉外！处方中：融合了六味地黄汤、小柴胡汤、芍药甘草汤、四逆散、二至丸尤其大量应用补脾益气的黄芪、党参、芡实、内金、白术、甘草，总观全方，使肾阴充足，肝火潜降，情绪舒缓，肾络得到修复，蛋白不再漏出。故而取效甚捷。
---------------------------------------------------------------
댓글 없음:
댓글 쓰기