2018년 6월 16일 토요일







1차추경 2차추경으로 수십조 썻다. 다 병신같이 소득성장주도에 포커스를 맞춘거다. 시장에 이렇게 돈을 찍어서 풀면 가장 큰 문제가 일시에 물가가 오른다.


공무원 무작위증원~ 이로인해 매해 조단위로 혈세가 쓰이면서 사회혁신저하가 온다. 공무원들이 노가리 까는 상황이 왔다. 업무강도 매우낮다.


탈원전으로 취소된 원전수출건설로 인해 수조원 날렷고 후후 날릴돈도 수십조 단위다.


미국철강 관세가 개별적으로 적용되면서 매해 수조원 손실에 세탁기 냉장고 세이프 가드로 또한 수천억 손실 왔다. 일본산 세탁기 냉장고는 세이프가드 없다.


최저임금을 급격하게 인상함으로서 시장이 움츠러 들었고 그로인해 일자리가 감소하고 그 감소된 일자리로 인해 소비여력이 낮아져서 내수순환이 마비수준임


이번달에서 다음달 사이 트럼프가 한국산 자동차에 25% 관세 부과하면 그 손실이 현대기아차 포함 1차 2차 3차 부품회사까지 연동되서 수십조단위 손해난다.






한줄요약


문재인 씨바랄새끼가 소득성장주도하에 급격한 임금인상으로 일자리 줄고 그로인해 소비여력이 감소하고 자영업자 비율이 압도적으로 많은 상황에서
내수경제순환이 마비수준으로 떨어져 가고 있고 1,2차 추경으로 수십조를 돈을 찍어서 시장에 풀었는데 다 이상한 복지 재원과 공무원 증원따위에 쓰면서
일자리에 큰 영향을 미치지 못했고 돈을 찍어서 추경하는 바람에 일시에 물가 개 폭등하고 중국 북한 똥꼬에 붙는 바람에 미국에 밉보여서 일본보다 더 많은 품목에서 바가지 관세로 날린 돈만 수십조 단위고 병신같은 탈원전 정책으로 원전수출 백지화로 날린돈만 수조원이고 앞으로 미국 트럼프는 한국산 자동차에 관세를 매길 예정이고 주 52시간 근무제로  일자리와 소득은 더욱 떨어질 것이고 급격한 복지증원책으로 각종 세금은 더 올림으로서 대한민국 경제는 1997년 IMF수준까지 도달하는데 이제 1년도 안남은 수준이다. 

[출처] 한국 경제가 좃된 이유 초간단 정리 1탄 EU!
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보다시피 저렇게 거대한 반란음모는 아무리 조심스럽게 진행해도 정보가 새어나오게 되있다. 당연히 청와대에 보고가 되었어야 한다.
그런데 그렇지 못했기 떄문에 박근혜가 제대로 대응을 못하고 당하게 된것이다. 즉 청와대 내부에 탄핵반란의 공범이 있었다.
그 새끼 역활은 탄핵사태를 축소,은폐 그리고 왜곡해서 보고한 것이다. 그 새끼가 한 말, 대사까지 대략 뻔이 보인다. 안봐도 비디오다.


촛불시위에 관해서는--민심이니 탄압이나 해산시키지마라. 늘상 있는 시위일 뿐이다. 세월호사건으로 민심이 흥분해서 그러니 불쌍히 여기고 봐줘라.
국회에 관해서는--설마 탄핵의결이 되겠냐? 우리가 집권여당인데....그러니 대통령은 묵묵히 하던 일에 열심히 하면된다.
박근혜는 탄핵기간동안 열심히 외교하러 다녔다. 국내문제 신경 못쓰게 열심히 밖으로 돌린거다.
탄핵의결이 된 이후에도--헌재를 믿어라. 헌재는 법대로 판결할 것이고 법리로는 당연히 기각된다.
특히 헌재에 관해서는 일체의 작업도 하지마라. 오히려 오해산다.


착한 박근혜라서 말 잘 듣고, 국민아끼는 대통령이라서 국민이 저렇게 날 미워하니 내가 큰 잘못을 했나보다, 사과하고 용서를 빌었다.
최순실 잘못한 것도 없어요. 그런데 하도 여론이 몰아치니 대통령으로서 불찰이라고 사과한 것이다. 절라도에게 사과하면 절대 안된다는 것을
박근혜는 몰랐던 것이다. 이런식으로 해서 전혀 대응을 못했던거다.
단계단계 다 대응 못하고 무너졌고 심지어 재판과정에서조차 이러한 기만은 계속 이어졌다. 즉 끝까지 숨통을 끊겠다는 것이다.


박근혜에게 절라도촛불을 국민으로, 선동질되어 동원된 가짜민심을 진짜민심으로 왜곡보고하면서 박근혜의 손발을 묶어놓은 것이다.
청와대 내부에, 박근혜에게 보고하는 라인 속에 저짓을 한 탄핵간첩새끼가 있었고 그게 가장 치명적이었다.
청와대는 권력의 핵심부로서 그렇게 쉽게 무너지는 곳이 아니다. 국회, 사법부 다 덤벼도 청와대가 적극 대응하면 안 무너진다.
즉 청와대 내부에 탄핵간첩만 없었더라도 박근혜는 결코 탄핵당하지 않았다. 이 청와대 내란간첩은 누구였는가? 짐작되지만 실명 말할 수 없다.


여기서 또하나 중요한 부분도 다시봐야 한다. 김무성의 탄핵반란 내용을 친박이 몰랐겠는가이다. 특히 헌재의 가담부분을 몰랐겠는가이다.
친빅은 알고 있었다. 그래서 탄핵에 반대하는 탄핵반대쇼 조금하다가 이내 조용해진거다.
친박이 헌재가담사실을 청와대에 알려주기만 헀어도 탄핵은 막을수 있었다. 탄핵파 김무성만 공범이 아니다. 친박도 일종의 방조세력이었다.


친박으로 새로운 우파보수정당 차리자고 하는 사람들은 친박과 박근혜를 묶어생각하지마라.
친박이 정직하게 박근혜에게 충성했으면 김무성이가 어떻게 탄핵을 성사시킬 수 있었겠냐? 불가능했다.
탄핵 이후를 봐라. 박근혜 탄핵에 관해서 잘못되었다고 지금까지 일관되게 말하는 사람은 탄핵파도 친박도 아닌 김진태같은 사람들뿐이다.


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위의 내용이라야만 탄핵과정이 설명이 되고, 저 내용대로라면 헌재를 포함한 명백한 반란이고 거대한 반역이다.
특히 헌재는 헌법수호의무를 정면으로 위배해서 헌법을 파괴했고, 법치주의를 무너뜨렸다. 내란핵심자로 사형시켜야 하는 죄질이다.
박근혜 모함탄핵사건은 합법적 절차를 통해 선출된 대통령을 불법,탈법적인 방법으로 끌어내렸다는 점에서 민주주의까지도 파괴한 것이다.


보다시피 박근혜탄핵사건은 한 개인문제가 아니라 대한민국의 정체성과 헌법가치, 민주주의 그리고 무엇보다도 국민개개인 투표권의 문제다.
단지 박근혜 개인의 선호도, 찬반 문제로 접근해서 빙신같은년 탄핵당해도 싸다. 박근혜 싫어...뭐 이런 방식으로 반응할 내용이 아니다.
박근혜탄핵사건은 대한민국이 총체적으로 민주주의와 법치주의가 가능한가, 선진국진입이 가능하가에 관한 시험이었다.


그래서 박근혜탄핵사건은 덮고 넘어갈 수 있는 일상적인 정치사건이 아니다. 이것을 바로잡지 않고서는 한국은 한발자국도 전진못한다.
오히려 이런 중요한 시험에 실패하면 역사가 뒤로 퇴보하게 되있다. 지금 문재인정권을 보라. 국가위기와 역사퇴보가 진행되고 있다.
이건 일종의 역사법칙이고 인과율이다. 박근혜탄핵 이후에 국민들은 자긍심을 잃었고, 스스로 국민개돼지라고 자학하고 있다.
보다시피 단지 박근혜문제가 아니고 바로 우리 개개인 모두의 문제이고 대한민국이라는 국가가 전체적으로 시험받은 사건이다.


박근헤 누명탄핵사건을 바로잡는것은 과거의 문제가 아니고 바로 대한민국의 미래가 달린 문제다.
대한민국이 그리고 우리국민 개개인이 쇠퇴하느냐 한단계 업그레이드를 이루냐의 선택이다. 국운의 갈림길에 관련된 문제다.
덮고 넘어가고 잊어버리고 외면할 수 있는 사안이 아니다. 회피하면 실패하는 것이고 시험에 떨어지는 것이고, 퇴보하게 된다.


다시 강조한다. 박근혜문제는 박근혜에 대한 개인적인 호감,비호감 문제가 아니고, 국운과 역사의 갈림길 문제이다. 미래가 달린 사안이다.
박근헤문제를 개인감정으로 접근하면 안된다. 역사의 관점에서 보고 그 중요성과 심각성을 꺠닫는게 중요하다.

[출처] 박근혜가 탄핵에 무력했던 이유는 청와대 내부에 틴핵간첩이 있었기 때문이다./ 발췌
--->태블릿의 소유자인 김한수가 아마 대표적인 탄핵 간첩일 것이다.
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대박 수익은 문제가 될 수 없다.
수익이 소비자의 행동에서 진화해 왔다는 사실을 알면 수익이 정당하다거니, 또는 정상이나 과도하다는 말은 의미가 없다.
"Windfall Profits" Aren't a Problem
 
Robert G. Anderson
 
 
[Reprinted from Free Market Economics: A Basic Reader, compiled by Bettina G. Greaves.]
 
Of all aspects of the free market economic system, the role of profit-making by individuals is the one most subject to controversy. An air of apology seems to permeate any discussion of profit-making, even among those who generally commend the market society.
 
Companies seem duty-bound to defend their latest financial reports. Any increase in profits is contrasted with earlier periods of losses or "inade­quate" profits. The relative smallness of profits is demonstrated in terms of capital invested, annual sales, or total wages. Public relations departments tremble over reported company success and gear themselves for the inevitable onslaught such fa­vorable reports will bring.
 
Among the charges most feared is the accusation that the firm has reaped windfall profits. While "normal" profits might be tolerated, anything above so-called normalcy is invariably subject to public charges of exploitation. The implication subtly drawn is that windfall profits accrue as a re­sult of someone else's losses. While the public might overlook small injustices, large profits are simply intolerable.
 
This massive assault on profit-making reflects a belief that profits are something extra, the elimi­nation of which would result in a general improve­ment in human welfare, that profits are gained at the expense of others "unearned" and "unjust."
 
This anti-profit mentality stems from a failure to understand the true nature and source of profits, the integral relationship existing between profits and losses, and their basic importance to the func­tioning of the market system. It is a failure to un­derstand that an attack upon profits, even excess or windfall profits, is an attack upon the market system itself.
 
Within the framework of a free market price sys­tem, profits show which producers have best satisfied the wants of consumers. Profits appear as the result of actions taken earlier by those producers most successful in anticipating and serving the demands of the consumer. Profits demonstrate how well a producer has employed scarce re­sources in the past toward the satisfaction of con­sumer wants. Profits are a record of experience, a reward for satisfactory service rendered.
 
The process of profit-making, however, is not the same thing as the amount of profits recorded. Profits earned in the past serve as no specific guide for future productive activity, though the fact that they were earned may offer hope of future profits. Past profitable activity in a given form of produc­tion assures nothing about the future. Attempts to imitate activities that have been profitable have resulted in many business failures.
 
The opportunity for profit-making stems from the changing values of consumers over time, and the reflection of these changing values on prices. The individual who foresees correctly these de­veloping changes in market prices, and acts upon his foresight, will be the profit-maker.
 
Adjusting to Change
 
If man were omniscient, or if his values were to remain static, the concept of profit and loss would not exist. But fallibility and change are part of the human condition and necessarily affect man's economic behavior.
 
Today's market prices are reflections of values previously held by consumers and of the production those values generated. The prices so established will be either too high or too low with respect to the market conditions of tomorrow, conditions which could only be known by knowing the future, which is impossible.
 
The profit-maker, however, must attempt the impossible. The uncertainty of the future overrides all human action. The fact that future prices are uncertain does not dissuade the potential profit­maker from acting.
 
It is this potential of profit-making that provides the entrepreneur's motivation and incentive for production. The entrepreneur identifies resources in today's market that he believes will possess a higher market value tomorrow. If his foresight about the future values of the consumers is correct, a profit can be realized. The magnitude of the profit will depend upon the degree of change in future market prices and the entrepreneurial decision to act on his foresight.
 
When the rise in prices is large, the entrepreneur holding the resources so affected will experience large profits. The identification of this development as excess or windfall profits has been grossly misleading. The fact that he did not anticipate the precise degree of change in prices is no basis for denying the owner of the resources his right to the gain.
 
The concept of windfall profit merely observes that large gains can be realized from drastic changes in consumer evaluations and their resultant impact on market prices. The owner of the affected resources experiences a dramatic and sudden increase in the value of his property. But, if consumer evaluations change in the other direction, market prices can just as suddenly and dramatically fall, causing windfall losses to the owners of resources so affected.
 
Windfall profits or losses simply emphasize the risk of productive activity resulting from the changing values of consumers. While the entrepreneur attempts to calculate future market conditions, he is not omniscient. An underestimate of future prices may yield him a higher profit than he had anticipated when he took productive action, but that same higher profit becomes the magnet for an influx of new competitive activity.
 
A Reliable Guide
 
With the profit and loss system as their guide, competing entrepreneurs decide how resources shall be directed for future consumption. Anticipated profitability attracts the productive capital of the entrepreneurs, but the ultimate profit is determined by the actions of the consumers. The entrepreneur's astuteness in judging the consumer's demands will decide whether profits or losses are to be realized by him in the future.
 
A significant contributor to a smoothly functioning market is the much maligned speculator. As an entrepreneur, the speculator acts in anticipation of the changing values of consumers. His buying and selling of resources creates a more orderly market, reducing erratic fluctuations in prices, and thus holds down the magnitude and severity of gains and losses. Accurate foresight by the speculator mitigates the errors of resource pricing and the consequent large profits or losses brought on by changing consumer tastes.
 
Once profits are understood to evolve from the actions of the consumers, it becomes pointless to speak of profits as being "fair," "normal," "excess," or whatever.
 
The decision on how to allocate existing resources into future use is made by entrepreneurs on the basis of their interpretation of the consumer's actions in the market place of the future. Through a subsequent return of profits and losses to the entrepreneur, the consumer is constantly signaling entrepreneurs, as to how to direct scarce resources toward best satisfying consumer wants.
 
This relationship between the entrepreneur and the consumer is much like that of a revocable trust. The trustee-entrepreneur allocates resources for the benefit of the trustor-consumer, a relationship perpetuated by profits and revoked by losses. Through the signal of these profits and losses the consumer steers the producer.
 
The allure of profit-making is the catalyst for productive activity. Sparked by an entrepreneurial decision on the future state of the market, resources are continually being directed into hopefully productive use. The soundness of the original decision is reflected by profits or losses generated by the venture. Without some prospect that profits will substantiate the original decision, no productive activity would be undertaken. The problem of determining how resources should be allocated could not be resolved. There would be no response to the will of the consumer in the market. The market would be in a state of chaos.
 
The Fundamental Issue Concerns Property Rights
 
The real controversy over the concept of excess or windfall profits evolves over who should be the beneficiary of these subsequent unanticipated changes in market prices. The fundamental issue in this controversy is one of property rights. In a free market system the entrepreneur subjects his property to risk in a productive activity in the hope of generating a profit. If his judgment of the future demand of the consumers proves correct, his property increases in value, and he profits. The extent of his gain is thus determined by the consumer. In a market system of private ownership the gains would therefore accrue to the owner of the property.
 
Similarly, the burden of windfall losses is borne by the entrepreneur. If he directs his property into productive activities later rejected by the consumer's changing values, he is responsible for his erroneous decision. The sudden abstention from buying on the part of the consumers causes a fall in the value of his property and a loss to the entrepreneur. Within such a market system, the entrepreneur subjects his property to risk-to the gain or loss that accrues from the changing tastes of the consumer.
 
The notion that windfall profits accrue at another's expense or loss is patently false. They result from the same forces that bring windfall losses: changes in the values of consumers. Such windfalls result from future uncertainty, and should accrue to the owners who expose their property to the risks of production.
 
Profits or Losses Stem from Changing Values of Consumers
 
Once it is understood that profits and losses evolve from the changing values of consumers, it becomes obvious that abolishing windfall profits or windfall losses is impossible. Fallibility and change are a part of our nature, and both large errors and great changes are inevitable. To deny to the entrepreneur the gains or losses resulting from such error or change does not eliminate gains or losses; it eliminates entrepreneurs, disrupts the market, and ultimately leaves everyone under the dead hand of government control.
 
As long as consumers continue to express their changing values in the market place, profits, anticipated or not, will continue to materialize. The only question is whether the gain in the value of the entrepreneur's property should accrue to the owner or to someone else.
 
When the government attempts to make itself the beneficiary of windfall profits, it can only disrupt the productive processes of the market. The natural adjustments in supply and demand that occur in the free market are hampered, and further disequilibrium develops. The consumer's urgent signal for increased production, which is the essence of windfall profits, cannot be heard or acted upon by producers to whom the market is closed. The ultimate consequence must inevitably be even higher prices for the resources involved. Thus, the expropriation of windfall profits is not only counterproductive, but also denies the sovereignty of the consumer in the structuring of society.
 
If the individual as consumer is to retain his personal liberty, if he is to remain the sovereign force in the structuring of society, he must be free to reflect fully his changing values in the market place. This requires that the profit and loss signal must remain unhampered. For that is the only signal to which entrepreneurs can reasonably respond.
 
Robert G. Anderson taught economics and business management at Grove City College, Pennsylvania, before joining the Foundation for Economic Education.
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세네카에 대한 책을 읽지 말고, 세네카가 쓴 책을 읽으시오.
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주관적인 가치는 자의적인 가치가 아니다.
개인의 가치 평가의 핵심은 그의 삶이다. 개인은 상품들이 자신의 삶의 유지에서 차지하는 중요도에 따라 가치를 배정한다.
효용은 수량이 대한 것이 아니라 우선 순위에 대한 것이거나 또는 개인이 그의 삶과 관련해 매기는 순위이다. 따라서 우리는 산술적으로 우선 순위들을 더하기 할 수 없고, 전체 효용이라는 것을 말할 수 없다.
 
Subjective Value Is not Arbitrary Value
 
Frank Shostak
 
 
In the Austrian view, every individual is seen as employing the resources or means at his disposal in order to secure various ends. The use of resources is not done haphazardly but in accordance with an individual's priorities. The individual ranks various ends or goals that he wants to attain.
 
The Menger Explanation of How Valuations Are Formed
 
According to Carl Menger, the founder of the Austrian School of Economics, the heart of an individual’s valuations is his life. An individual assigns values to goods in accordance to the importance of those goods to his life maintenance. Various ends that an individual finds important to his life maintenance are then valued accordingly in a descending ranking.
 
On this Menger wrote,
 
 
As concerns the differences in the importance that different satisfactions have for us, it is above all a fact of the most common experience that the satisfactions of greatest importance to men are usually those on which the maintenance of life depends, and that other satisfactions are graduated in magnitude of importance according to the degree (duration and intensity) of pleasure dependent upon them. Thus if economizing men must choose between the satisfaction of a need on which the maintenance of their lives depends and another on which merely a greater or less degree of well-being is dependent, they will usually prefer the former.
 
Consider John the baker, who has produced four loaves of bread. The four loaves of bread are his resources or means that he employs to attain various ends.
 
Let us say that his highest priority or his highest end is to have one loaf of bread for himself. This means that John will retain for his personal consumption one loaf of bread.
 
The consumption of a loaf of bread is of utmost importance as far as his life maintenance is concerned.
 
With regards to his second loaf of bread, John exchanges it for five tomatoes, which help John to secure his second most important goal. For John, the five tomatoes are going to enhance his life and wellbeing.
 
John then uses a third loaf of bread to exchange it for a shirt his third most important end.
 
Finally, John decides that he will allocate his fourth loaf to feed wild birds. Feeding the birds is ranked as number four on John’s priority list as far as his life and wellbeing is concerned.
 
The End Determines the Importance of Means
 
Observe that to attain the second and the third end John had to exchange his resources loaves of bread for goods that would serve to achieve his ends.
 
To secure the end of having a shirt John had to exchange his loaf of bread for the shirt. The loaf of bread is not suitable by itself to fulfill the services that the shirt provides.
 
The suitability of the means is what gives it value with respect to a particular “end”.
 
For instance, in securing the end of having a shirt John must decide whether it is going to be a leisure shirt or a work shirt.
 
John will have to select among various shirts the most suitable for his specific end let us say to have a work shirt.
 
Being a baker, John may conclude that the shirt must be of white color and made out of thin rather than thick material to keep him comfortable while working next to a hot oven.
 
Note that his selection is not arbitrary but based on the facts of reality he requires for working purposes a comfortable shirt. In this sense, the shirt chosen promotes John’s life and wellbeing.
 
As far as John is concerned, feeding wild birds is ranked the lowest among the ends that John is aiming at given his pool of resources four loaves of bread.
 
Observe that the first loaf of bread employed to secure John’s most important end, the second loaf of bread to secure the second most important end, etc.
 
From this, we can infer that the end also assigns an importance to the resource employed to secure this end. This implies that the first loaf carries much higher importance than the second loaf because of the more important end or goal that the first loaf secures.
 
Why the Value of Goods Are Determined by the Least Important End
 
Now, because John regards each of the four loaves of bread in his possession as interchangeable he assigns to each loaf of bread the importance as imputed from the least important end, which is feeding wild birds.
 
Why does the least important end serve as the standard for valuing the loaves of bread?
 
Imagine John uses the highest end as the standard for assigning value to each loaf of bread. This would imply that he values the second, third, and fourth loaves much higher than the ends he secures. (Remember the second loaf of bread helps John to secure his second most important goal, the third loaf of bread the third most important goal and the fourth loaf of bread the fourth important goal).
 
However, if this is the case, what is the point of trying to exchange something that is valued more for something that is valued less?
 
We have seen that to satisfy his second end to obtain five tomatoes he would exchange one loaf of bread.
 
However, if a loaf of bread is valued by John higher than five tomatoes, obviously no exchange will take place.
 
Since the fourth loaf of bread is the last unit in John's total supply, it also called the marginal unit the unit at the margin.
 
This marginal unit secures the least important end. Alternatively, we can also say that the marginal unit provides the least benefit as far as life maintenance is concerned.
 
If John had only three loaves of bread this would mean that, each loaf would be valued according to the end number three having a shirt. This end is ranked higher than the end of feeding wild birds.
 
From this, we can infer that as the supply of bread declines the marginal utility of bread rises. This means that every loaf of bread will be valued much higher now than before the supply of bread has fallen.
 
Conversely, as the supply of bread rises, its marginal utility falls as each loaf of bread is now valued less than before the increase in the supply took place. Note that the law of declining marginal utility is derived here from the fact that individuals use means to secure ends.
 
Ends Are not Set Arbitrarily
 
Also, observe that ends are not set in arbitrary way, but graded in accordance with their importance in maintaining life.
 
While it is true that valuations are subjective they are not formed regardless of the facts of reality. They are not formed mechanically by some valuation scale but are formed consciously and purposely.
 
If John had ranked his ends arbitrarily then he would have run the risk of endangering his life. For instance, if he had allocated most of his resources to clothing and feeding wild birds and very little to feeding himself he would run the risk of weakening his body and becoming seriously ill.
 
We have seen that by choosing a particular end an individual also sets a standard of evaluating various means. For instance, if my end is to provide a good education for my child, then I will explore various educational institutions and will grade them in accordance with my information regarding the quality of education that these institutions are providing.
 
Observe that my standard of grading these institutions is my end, which is to provide my child with a good education.
 
We have also seen that another limitation for attaining various goals is the availability of suitable means. Thus to quell my thirst in the desert, I require water. Diamonds in my possession will be of no help in this regard.
 
There Is no Such Thing as Total Utility
 
Marginal utility is not, as the mainstream perspective presents, an addition to the total utility but rather the utility of the marginal end.
 
There is no such thing as adding to total utility because of an additional unit of a good. As we have seen, utility is not about quantities but about priorities or the ranking that each individual sets with respect to his life. Obviously one cannot add arithmetically priorities as such. Since total utility does not exist as such, various models in economics that based on the view that such total exists are questionable. According to Rothbard,
 
Many errors in discussions of utility stem from an assumption that it is some sort of quantity, measurable at least in principle. When we refer to a consumer’s “maximization” of utility, for example, we are not referring to a definite stock or quantity of something to be maximized. We refer to the highest-ranking position on the individual’s value scale. Similarly, it is the assumption of the infinitely small, added to the belief in utility as a quantity, that leads to the error of treating marginal utility as the mathematical derivative of the integral “total utility” of several units of a good. Actually, there is no such relation, and there is no such thing as “total utility,” only the marginal utility of a larger-sized unit. The size of the unit depends on its relevance to the particular action.
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경방 용약 해석
 
浅释经方用药
 
山西中医李保柱经验谈
 
脏腑用药
 
伤寒杂病论仲景言方治而不谈药性其用药心法悉遵古经方之制而对于制方之法则则自唐宋以来已失传千年有余幸有敦煌遗传之辅心诀五脏用药法要一书可窥经方配伍之秘所以破译该书的内容就可通晓失传古经方汤液经法的奥妙
 
自神农尝草以来传至商朝历时已数千载此时商初宰相伊尹从厨艺中悟出五味调和之事率先发明了汤液入煎治病法指出了调和之事必以甘酸苦辛咸先后多少的原则用药之五味入五脏以达补虚泻实之效但是这一经方中药配伍法则在当时只掌握在少数人手中秘而不传所以即使是医圣张仲景在撰著伤寒杂病论也是只言方治而不谈药性导致后之学者从此不明经方配伍之法
 
伤寒论是依据汤液经法而撰成,《汤夜经法其书在南北朝时期尚存在人间到了唐宋时就已失传唐孙思邈在著千金方时一字也没有提到汤液经》,但确在千金方中保留了许多古代的经方只是不晓经方配伍法则而已在东晋陈延之的小品方中也保留了许多古经方从中可窥见经方的原始面貌比如伤寒论中有奔豚汤但是对其论述很不详细恐怕是历代传抄遗漏丢失的结果而在小品方中对此病论述颇详。《伤寒论言及奔豚病的条文只有三条
 
一是发汗后其人脐下悸者欲作奔豚也茯苓桂枝甘草大枣汤主之此条文是指的太阳病发汗不得法而造成的误治即误用汗法则伤肾伤肾必发奔豚病何以知之肾有实则小便不利是由于误汗大伤津液之故实则泻其子肾水之子是肝木,(实则泻之故在治疗时用茯苓灸甘草之甘以泻肾实用桂枝之辛以补肝虚肝恶急急食甘以缓之故用大枣之甘以缓肝急.
 
二是奔豚病从少腹上冲咽喉发作欲死复还止者皆从惊恐得之因为恐则伤肾惊则伤肝治奔豚病要从肝肾论治
 
三是奔豚病气上冲胸腹痛往来寒热奔豚汤主之肝虚则惊肾虚则恐肝虚在治肝的同时兼治肾肾水能生肝木故也也就是虚则补其母肝之母是肾水药用川芎当归半夏生姜和桂枝之辛入肝以补肝虚用白芍之酸入肝以泻肝实用黄芩之苦与炙甘草和葛根之甘共同组合苦甘入肾化咸以生津液.
 
明白了五脏用药法中的经方配伍之秘就可以把经方拆开每一方不是治虚就是治实但虚实治法不同其遵循的原则是虚则补其母实则泻其子
 
肝虚则惊目无所见耳无所闻心惊胆战如人将捕之坐卧不安此时宜用辛温的桂枝干姜等品以补肝虚同时用苦甘入肾的药以治肾水而生木更严重的话再用酸咸的药入肺以达金生水而水生木之效五味共同配伍以补肝虚同理肝有实则易发火生怒气两胁痛引少腹此时宜用酸味的枳实白芍等品以泻肝实同时再用咸苦之药入心治心更需要用甘辛之药入脾治脾因为子能令母实故也。《伤寒论中的大小柴胡汤就是这类泻肝的方剂。《五脏用药法中的大小泻肝汤也是这类方剂
 
小泻肝汤治肝实两胁下痛痛引少腹迫急当有干呕者方用枳实芍药之酸与生姜之辛配合辛酸入肝故也只所以再加上清浆水入煎是因为辛酸入肝化甘之故清浆水味甘之品入肝以缓肝急
 
大泻肝汤用枳实芍药之酸以泻肝实用黄芩大黄苦咸之品入心用炙甘草生姜甘辛之药入脾共同组合以达泻肝之效
 
小补肝汤治疗肝虚而致的心中恐疑时多恶梦气上冲心头汗出头目眩晕药用桂枝干姜之辛与五味子之酸相合辛酸入肝化甘再用大枣之甘以缓肝急四味药共达补肝虚之效
 
大补肝汤治肝气虚其人恐惧不安气自少腹上冲咽呃声不止头目苦眩不能坐起汗出心悸干呕不能食药用桂心干姜之辛入肝以补虚用竹叶之苦与山药之甘相合苦甘入肾以生木用旋覆花代赭石之咸与酸味的五味子相合酸咸入肺以生水七味药共同组合以达金生水水生木之效
 
大补肝汤治癫怪病极效其配方是桂枝干姜各45竹叶山药各30五味子45旋覆花30代赭石30一次煎成分日三夜一服
 
金匮妇人病篇立有治产后腹痛烦满不得卧不可下也宜枳实芍药散和之的枳实芍药散实际上就是在小泻肝汤的基础上加减变化而来改汤为散罢了由此可知此种产后腹痛是由于肝实之故药用枳实芍药之酸以泻肝实
 
心虚则悲实则笑不休治心之法以咸补之以苦泻之心恶缓急食酸以收之
 
小泻心汤治心中卒急痛胁下支满气逆攻膺背肩胛不可饮食食之反笃药用龙胆草加栀子之苦与戎盐之咸相合苦咸入心化酸心恶缓急食酸以收之故入煎剂时再加入醋之酸物以收之戎盐 + 龙胆草栀子咸苦入心化酸以醋收之
 
大泻心汤治暴得心腹痛痛如刀刺欲吐不吐欲下不下心中懊憹胁背胸支满腹中迫急不可奈者方用龙胆草栀子之苦以泻心实用升麻之甘与通草之辛相合甘辛入脾化苦用豆豉之酸与戎盐之咸相合酸咸入肺化辛火生土而土生金此乃经方实则泻其子之妙法也
 
心有虚则胸腹胁下与腰相引而痛心中痛善悲时眩仆
 
小补心汤治胸痹不得卧心痛彻背背痛彻心此胸痹是因为心虚之故。《金匮立有十二方治胸痹其组方结构完全与经方配伍法则相同心虚有寒可致心血受阻现代所谓的冠心痛和心血管病都可用此法治之药用瓜蒌薤白之咸入心以补心虚用半夏之辛与咸味的药相合共达辛咸除滞之效当然在此方中也可用苦杏仁来代替半夏因为苦咸入心故也其只所以加入白酨浆是因为心恶缓急食酸以收之汉代时的白酨浆就是现代的酸味饮料但还不是真正的醋用白酒也可以。《金匮治胸痹就有栝蒌薤白半夏汤和栝蒌薤白白酒汤其组方原理是相同的但此方中必须有白酒或醋则疗效才佳
 
大补心汤治胸痹心中痞满气结在胸时从胁下逆抢心心痛无奈药用瓜蒌实和薤白之咸入心以补心虚用桂枝之辛与枳实之酸相合辛酸入肝以生心火补心虚用厚朴之咸来入心加强栝蒌和薤白的作用用半夏之辛助桂枝之力入煎剂时以白酨浆之酸入肝既可助枳实又可缓心以收之
 
金匮治胸痹十二方中都是针对心有虚而设的方因为阳微阴弦即胸痹而痛阳微是指心血虚阴弦是指的肾胸痹喘息咳唾胸背痛寸脉沉迟关上小紧数者栝蒌薤白白酒汤主之药用瓜蒌薤白之咸入心以补心虚用白酒之辛以入肝温通血脉
 
胸痹不得卧心痛彻背背痛彻心者栝蒌薤白半夏汤主之药用栝蒌薤白之咸补心虚用半夏之辛入肝补虚化痰浊用白酒入肝血温通血脉
 
胸痹心中痞留气结在胸胸满胁下逆抢心者枳实薤白桂枝厚朴栝蒌汤主之桂枝人参汤亦主之此二方可以合一方来治胸痹则疗效更佳
 
胸痹胸中气塞或短气者此胸中有水气也茯苓杏仁甘草汤主之橘皮枳实生姜汤亦主之此二方可以分治也可以合方治是虚则补其母之妙法
 
胸痹时缓时急者薏苡附子散主之此方以大附子之辛以补肝虚用苡仁之甘以缓肝急而除湿不治心而治肝之妙法肝恶急急食甘以缓之苡仁纯甘之品以制附子的毒性
 
胸痹心中悬痛者桂枝生姜枳实汤主之用桂枝生姜之辛入肝温通血脉用枳实之酸入肝以泻实胸痹胸痛彻背背痛彻胸者乌头赤石脂丸主之
 
用乌头川椒附子干姜等一派味辛之药与赤石脂味酸之品相合入肝温通血脉以治胸痹是治疗冠心病的首选方临证时可做成丸药缓缓而治之
 
胸痹其人常欲蹈其胸上先未苦时但欲饮热者旋覆花汤主之用旋覆花之咸入心以补心虚用葱之辛和新绛今人以茜草代之之酸入肝以生心火
 
胸痹心下悸者责其有痰也半夏麻黄丸主之半夏麻黄俱可入肝以补血虚兼除痰
 
胸痹心下痛或有恶血积冷者九痛丸主之此方用五味大辛之药入肝以温通血脉用人参之甘以缓和药性保肝护肝
 
从以上治胸痹十二方可知心血虚寒时可导致冠心病的发生故在治疗时要用温通的办法傅青主在治疗真心痛时即心肌梗死主张用人参和附子大剂煎服此方意与九痛丸相同俱是经方虚则补其母之妙法也
 
心有实则以苦泻之小泻心汤用黄连黄芩之苦与大黄之咸相合苦咸入心以泻心气之实此方与金匮泻心汤主治药味均相同
 
大泻心汤用黄连黄芩之苦以泻心实用炙甘草之甘与干姜之辛甘辛入脾用芍药之酸与大黄之咸酸咸相合入肺
 
小补心汤用旋覆花代赭石之咸以补心虚用竹叶之苦以泻心实用豆豉或山萸肉之酸以收之
 
大补心汤用旋覆花代赭石之咸以补心虚用干姜之辛与豆豉或山萸肉之酸相合入肝用竹叶之苦与人参甘草之甘相合苦甘入肾
 
脾有实则腹满泄利而泻脾要用辛味之药
 
小泻脾汤治脾气有实下利清谷里寒外热肢冷脉微用附子干姜之辛与炙甘草相合甘辛入脾以治脾实
 
此方与伤寒论四逆汤的主治药味均相同由此可知伤寒论中的方都是博采于汤液经法只是张仲景为避道家之嫌改变了部分方名这是有其特定的历史社会背景根源的
 
大泻脾汤治疗腹中胀满干呕不能食欲利不得或下利不止用附子干姜之辛以泻脾实用枳实之酸与大黄之咸相合酸咸入肺用黄芩之苦与炙甘草之甘相合苦甘入肾泻脾必须兼治肺金和肾水因为肺肾是脾之子孙故也
 
脾有虚则四肢不用五脏不安身重苦饥肉痛足痿不收药用甘味以补之
 
小补脾汤治疗饮食不消时自吐利吐利已心中苦饥无力身重足痿善转筋者药用人参炙甘草之甘与干姜之辛相合入脾化苦脾恶湿急食苦以燥之故用白术之苦以燥脾湿
 
此方与伤寒论的理中汤药味主治均相同
 
大补脾汤治饮食不消时自吐利其人枯瘦如柴立不可动转口中苦干渴汗出气急脉微而结者用人参炙甘草之甘以补脾虚用旋覆花之咸与白术之苦相合咸苦入心用干姜之辛与麦冬五味子之酸相合辛酸入肝补脾必须兼治心火和肝木
 
肺有实则喘咳凭胸仰息泻肺要用咸味之药
 
小泻肺汤治咳喘上气胸中迫满不可卧者用葶苈子大黄之咸与芍药之酸相合酸咸入肺故也
 
伤寒论有葶苈大枣泻肺汤其组方结构与此完全相同
 
大泻肺汤治胸中有痰喘不得卧大小便闭身面肿
 
用葶苈子大黄之咸以泻肺实用黄芩之苦与炙甘草之甘相合苦甘入肾用干姜之辛与芍药之酸相合辛酸入肝
 
肾有实则腹满面色黑小便不利而泻肾之药非甘淡之药莫属小泻肾汤治小便赤少少腹满足胫肿药用茯苓甘草之甘与黄芩之苦相合苦甘入肾化咸以生津液故也
 
大泻肾汤治小便赤少溺血少腹迫满而痛腰如折耳鸣者用茯苓甘草之甘以泻肾实用干姜之辛与芍药之酸相合辛酸入肝用大黄之咸与黄芩之苦相合咸苦入心
 
凡是小便不利者都可用大泻肾汤治之。《伤寒论中的五苓散茯苓泽泻汤其组方结构与此相同只是个别的药不同
 
肾有虚则腰痛大小腹痛要用苦味的药以补肾虚
 
小补肾汤用地黄竹叶之苦与甘草之甘相合苦甘入肾化咸肾恶燥急食咸以润之故用泽泻之咸以润肾生津液
 
大补肾汤治疗精气虚少腰痛骨痿不可行走虚热冲逆头目眩小便不利药用地黄竹叶之苦相合以补肾虚用五味子之酸与泽泻之咸相合酸咸入肺用甘草之甘与桂枝干姜之辛相合甘辛入脾土生金而金生水此乃虚则补其母之妙法
 
综观上述大小补泻诸汤的配伍原则是遵循难经东方实西方虚泻南方补北方之旨的因为东方肝肝有实要用酸味的药来泻之西方肺肺有虚也同样要用酸味的药以补之南方者火也泻南方之火要用苦味的药而苦味药在泻南方火的同时也能补北方肾水之虚这也就是后世医家所言的火有余乃是水不足补北方之肾水可以泻南方之心火这种用药法自唐宋以来已失传千年有余由此可知中药治病的关键是气味的组合也就是本草经所言的五味四气
 
天布五行以运万类人禀五常以有五脏用药之五味入五脏以补虚泻实凡病不是虚就是实当然虚实夹杂者也有审其虚实即可用药故仲景有言相体虚实察病轻重采取方法权衡用之
 
病有虚实之分也有轻重之别虚则补其母实则泻其子
 
病轻可用小方病重要用大方视其虚实而补之泻之
 
以我病之脏为中心生我者为父母我生者为子孙
 
五行循环周而有序但必须找准病位之脏左右旋转而用药
 
所谓阳退为补其数七金数也阴进为泻其数六水数也
 
即是补虚泻实之道的高度概括
 
误治急救法解秘
 
医者在救治病人过程中常常出现误诊误治而误用吐法则伤肝误用下法则伤心误用寒法则伤脾误用火法则伤肺误用汗法则伤肾现分述如下
 
误用吐法则伤肝要用泻肝的方法药用枳实芍药之酸以泻肝实用旋覆花代赭石之咸与竹叶之苦相合咸苦入心
 
误用清下则伤心用泻心的方法药用黄连黄芩之苦以泻心实用人参炙甘草之甘与干姜之辛相合甘辛入脾化苦同样泻心配伍图示36
 
误用寒凉则伤脾用泻脾之法以治之药用附子干姜之辛以泻脾实用麦冬五味子之酸与旋覆花之咸相合酸咸入肺
 
误用火法则伤肺要用泻肺法治之药用葶苈子大黄之咸以泻肺实用生地竹叶之苦与甘草之甘相合苦甘入肾
 
误用汗法则伤肾要用泻肾法治之用茯苓甘草之甘以泻肾实用桂枝生姜之辛与五味子之酸相合辛酸入肝
 
上述五首救误治泻方可以指导伤寒论》,因为在伤寒论中有许多被医生误治的条文明白误治所伤之脏可以加深条文的理解比如伤寒论条文服桂枝汤后大汗出后大烦渴不解脉洪大者白虎加人参汤主之何以用白虎加人参汤因为太阳3/8表病服桂枝汤只能微汗出才能治愈此病而病人服后大汗出必然伤肾此时急用苦甘入肾的白虎加人参汤以救之
 
 
类似条文在伤寒论中甚多举一反三可也
 
在今本伤寒论散见着大量的针对医者误诊误治后而出现的救误补偏的方法论这一治疗大法就是来源于汤液经法》,但是这一救误补偏方法论已失传千年有余唐宋以来的医家并不清楚这一关键的方法论于是就出现了错误解释伤寒论误治条文现象今举一例而证之比如太阳病外证未除而数下之遂协热而利利下不止心下痞硬表里不解者桂枝人参汤主之太阳病在外证未除的情况下只能先解表后治里万万不可用下法来治疗若误用下法则伤心导致遂协热而利利下不止心下痞硬所谓的表里不解是指既有太阳8/43/8的表证又有少阴9/5的里证但多数注家在注释此条文时因不明白三阴三阳的实质又不清楚六病的传变顺序更不知道误治伤人后的救急之道以药测病误将此条文的下利理解为太阴病下利此误也而实际上此条文的下利是误下伤心后而导致的少阴下利根据汤液经法误用清下则伤心的救治原则故用苦甘而辛的桂枝人参汤以治少阴9/5之下利表里双解在此方中药物的剂量甚为关键生甘草4两党参3两桂枝4两干姜3两白术3为什么甘辛之药用14少阴9/5之和数14故也其中的煎煮法更是独特上五味以水9先煮45内桂枝更煮取3去渣温服1日再服夜一服
 
某女31虚岁初诊两年来常发腹痛腹泻昨晚受凉后又出现腹痛腹胀大便溏泄3并感身疼恶寒口中和不思饮舌苔薄白脉沉细此为太阳太阴合病与桂枝人参汤结果服一剂身疼痛减服三剂身疼痛已仍纳差与茯苓饮消息之这是一则经方大家胡希恕的医案其辨证论治水平还算可以但还停留在经验医学层次只是治已病的中工而已但诊为太阳太阴合病此误也应该是太阳少阴合病何以知之伤寒气数图即可知晓此女31虚岁时正患的太阳病少阴证太阳表证未除而少阴里证已现故用桂枝人参汤双解表里之法即可治愈
 
 
药食同源解秘
 
救五脏诸劳损病方中用了许多食物这是古经方的显著特色因为药食同源故也
 
在养生补肝汤中用川椒桂心之辛以补肝虚用韭叶之苦与胡麻油之甘相合苦甘入肾用芍药之酸与芒硝之咸相合酸咸入肺
 
在调神补心汤中用旋覆花栗子之咸以补心虚用葱叶之辛与豆豉之酸相合辛酸入肝用栀子之苦与人参之甘相合苦甘入肾
 
在建中补脾汤中用甘草大枣饴糖之甘以补脾虚用生姜桂心之辛与芍药之酸相合辛酸入肝如若再加入旋覆花之咸与黄芩之苦相合入心则疗效更佳此方缺此二味恐是传抄丢失的结果
 
在宁气补肺汤中用麦冬五味子之酸以补肺虚用黄酒之甘与芥子之辛相合甘辛入脾用旋覆花之咸与竹叶之苦相合咸苦入心
 
在固元补肾汤中用地黄苦瓜根之苦以补肾虚用苦酒之酸与薤白之咸相合酸咸入肺用炙甘草之甘与干姜之辛相合甘辛入脾
 
味辛皆属木桂枝为之主凡属味辛之药都可补肝虚细辛附子等品是也
 
味咸皆属火旋覆花为之主凡属味咸之药都可补心虚大黄泽泻厚朴硝石等品是也
 
味甘皆属土人参为之主凡属味甘之药都可补脾虚甘草大枣山药茯苓等品是也
 
味酸皆属金五味子为之主凡属味酸之药都可补肺虚枳实赤白芍豆豉麦冬等品是也
 
味苦皆属水生地黄为之主凡属味苦之药都可补肾虚黄芩黄连苍白术竹叶等品也是
 
 
此二十五味药俱是诸药中之精学者可择而用之以类广之
 
经方配伍之秘都隐藏在一幅汤液经法图其中有苦酸除烦之组合栀子豉汤是也有苦辛除痞之组合半夏泻心汤之类是也有辛咸除滞之组合栝蒌薤白半夏汤之类是也有甘咸除燥之法大黄甘草汤调胃承气汤之类是也有酸甘除痉之法芍药甘草汤类是也明乎此则何方不可解
 
药食同源是古经方治病的一大显著特色在金匮中就立有治杂病妇人脏躁悲伤欲哭数欠伸象如神灵所作者甘麦大枣汤主之的方法论长期以来医家救治此类患者无不使用小麦入煎其治疗效果还算可以但如果使用五谷之长的大麦入煎则疗效更上一筹何以有如此差异这还得从药物的五味入五脏以补虚泻实的经方配伍法则谈起因为妇人悲伤欲哭是由于心虚血少而补心虚之药非咸味的药莫属大麦正是味咸之品我们本地俗称其为草麦其性与小麦味甘之品不同治疗肝病之麦芽就是大麦加工而成的经方中常用大麦粥给病人吃因为胃不和则烦而躁大麦粥是甘咸除燥之品能和胃气故也那么为什么医家用小麦也能治愈此病是因为小麦甘草大枣同是味甘补益之品入肝以缓肝急治肝也就治心肝木能生心火故也而若用大麦入煎则大麦味咸之品直接补心血之虚与甘草大枣纯甘之品入肝缓肝结合甘咸除燥直中病机其疗效更佳由此可知明白经方配伍法则则天下无遗草能治病的草药和食物何止万千
 
 
外感天行十六方解秘 敦煌遗传之辅心诀五脏用药法要已出版书店有卖上有图表
 
外感天行经方之治有大小二旦六神等汤,《伤寒论以此诸方为基础加减变化引而伸之明白此数方的组方结构对于学习古经方至关重要现将此16神方示之
 
小阳旦汤即是伤寒论之桂枝汤用桂枝之辛与芍药之酸相合入肝用炙甘草之甘与大枣之甘的对药与生姜之辛相合甘辛入脾因太阳病3/83+5=8是也
 
大阳旦汤就是金匮的黄芪建中汤用桂枝之辛与芍药之酸相合辛酸入肝用黄芪人参炙甘草大枣饴糖之甘与生姜之辛相合甘辛入脾用于治疗太阳病3/8
 
小阴旦汤与伤寒论的黄芩汤相同用芍药之酸以泻肝实用黄芩之苦以泻心火用炙甘草大枣之甘与生姜之辛相合甘辛入脾
 
大阴旦汤就是伤寒论中的小柴胡汤用芍药之酸以泻肝实用柴胡黄芩之苦以泻心火之实用炙甘草人参大枣之甘与生姜半夏之辛相合甘辛入脾
 
小青龙汤与伤寒论麻黄汤相同用桂枝之辛以补肝虚用麻黄杏仁之苦与炙甘草之甘相合苦甘入肾
 
大青龙汤与伤寒论小青龙汤相同用麻黄桂枝细辛之辛以补肝虚用芍药五味子之酸以泻肝实用炙甘草之甘与半夏干姜之辛相合甘辛入脾
 
小白虎汤与伤寒论白虎汤相同用知母之苦与生石膏炙甘草粳米之甘相合苦甘入肾故也
 
大白虎汤与伤寒论竹叶石膏汤类同用竹叶之苦与炙甘草粳米生石膏之甘相合苦甘入肾用半夏生姜之辛与麦冬之酸相合辛酸入肝
 
小朱鸟汤与伤寒论黄连阿胶汤同用鸡子黄阿胶之咸与黄连黄芩之苦相合苦咸入心化酸心苦缓急食酸以收之故用芍药之酸以收心
 
大朱鸟汤是在小朱鸟汤的基础上加上人参干姜
 
小玄武汤与伤寒论真武汤相同用白术之苦与茯苓之甘相合苦甘入肾用干姜附子之辛与芍药之酸相合辛酸入肝
 
大玄武汤是在小玄武汤的基础上加人参和炙甘草用白术之苦与人参炙甘草茯苓之甘相合苦甘入肾用干姜附子之辛与芍药之酸相合辛酸入肝
 
小勾陈汤与伤寒论理中汤类同用甘草人参大枣之甘与干姜之辛相合甘辛入脾
 
大勾陈汤与伤寒论半夏泻心汤类同用黄连黄芩之苦以泻心火之实用人参甘草大枣之甘与半夏生姜之辛相合甘辛入脾
 
小螣蛇汤与伤寒论大承气汤同用大黄厚朴芒硝之咸与枳实之酸相合咸酸入肺
 
大螣蛇汤是在小螣蛇汤基础上加味而成用大黄厚朴芒硝葶苈子之咸与枳实之酸相合入肺用甘草之甘与生姜之辛相合入脾
 
上述十六方既可治外感也可治内伤乃神明之剂也
 
张仲景撰伤寒论时博采旧经方其中的方名有所改变这是当时的特定历史环境决定的曹操遍招各地方术士仲景惟恐被曹招去便改变汤液经之道家方名以避嫌而已免其帐前之苦害怕落个华陀的下场仲景的智谋过人之处由此可见一斑无规矩不成方圆破译辅行诀可将经方配伍之秘大白于天下张大昌之功甚伟矣山西李保柱经验整理
  -------------------------------------------------------------
 상한론의 81가지 약
  《伤寒杂病论》虽然记载了数百个经方,但用到的药物却不超过一百种。中药分类常用的方法主要是按功效分
类,本文收录仲景常用的八十一味药,主要依据《神农本草经》记载的药物性味,按照酸、苦、甘、辛、咸五味


的排序进行分类,从而从每一类的性味中推导出共同的功效,希望这样的分类方式能从另外一个方面促进中药学研


究方式的改革。(个别药物仅有一见者,难以推导出具体的功效,故只写其大致功效,如椒目等。)凡药则酸敛,苦泄,甘缓,辛散,咸软。要之,药多禁忌,贵在配伍。

酸:    五味子:敛肺止咳
    酸枣仁:敛心安神
    山茱萸:敛精止遗
    乌梅:安蛔

苦:    1.苦寒泄热:
    柴胡:泄胆热
    黄芩:清心火,泄脾热
    黄连:清心火,泄胃热
    黄柏:清心火,退黄
    栀子:泄心火
    茵陈:退黄
    芍药:泄热养营
    竹叶:清心除烦
    牡丹:清虚热
    白头翁:除下重
    2.破结除满)    大黄:泻下通便,活血化瘀
    枳实:破气散结
    厚朴:降逆除满
    杏仁:降逆平喘
    桃仁:活血化瘀
    射干:除上气
    葶苈子:泄肺热,除肺痈
    皂荚:化痰
    芫花:逐水(《本经》作辛,为是)
    大戟:逐水
    甘遂:逐水
    3.苦以燥湿    白术:燥湿健脾
    苦参:燥湿杀虫
    4.苦能排脓    赤小豆芽:破血化脓
    败酱草:排脓
    5.苦极反升    瓜蒂:催吐

甘:
    1.甘以补虚:
    人参:补元气
    饴糖:建中
    甘草:补宗气,解毒,调和诸药
    小麦:补心气
    黄芪:补气行气
    大枣:补脾
    粳米:补胃
    地黄:补心阴
    麦冬:补肺阴
    阿胶:补血益阴
    当归:补血 
    麻子仁:养血润肠
    瓜蒌根:生津止渴
    升麻:解毒
    2.淡以渗利    泽泻:清热利水
    滑石:清热利湿
    茯苓:通调水道
    猪苓:利水
    薏苡仁:渗湿
    椒目:利水
    3.涩以固之    赤石脂:固小肠
    禹余粮:固大肠
    灶中黄土:固胃
    4.重以镇之:    代赭石:降胃气
    龙骨:镇肝魂

辛:
    1.辛以散邪:
    麻黄:宣肺气,平喘咳,温表散寒
    桂枝:温心阳,抑水气,解肌发汗
    艾叶:行气散寒
    防己:散水气,消身肿
    乌头:散寒
    蜀椒:散寒
    2.辛以行气:    川芎:行血
    香豆豉:宣气
    半夏:宣肺气
    生姜:宣胃气
    桔梗:利咽
    瓜蒌实:宽胸散结
    薤白:通阳散结
    葱白:通阳止泻
    葛根:升津液,升清止泻
    旋复花:行气消痞
    3.辛以温阳:
    附子:温肾阳
    干姜:温脾阳
    细辛:温肺阳
    吴茱萸:温肝阳

咸:    1.咸以软之:
    芒硝:软坚通便
    牡蛎:软坚消痞(胆)
    鳖甲:软坚消癥(肝)
    2.咸以走血:    水蛭:活血化瘀
    蛰虫:活血化瘀
    虻虫:活血化瘀 



 


 


 


 


 


                                                              伤寒论50味主药适应症


 


1桂枝----------主气上冲汗出脉浮缓虚1)上冲感2)搏动感


2芍药----------主急痛,尤以脚挛急,腹中急痛,身疼痛


3甘草----------单味主咽痛,复方主治气液不足之症


4大枣----------配甘草主治动悸,脏躁。配生姜主治呕吐,咳逆。配泻下药可保护胃气


5麻黄----------主治无汗而肿,兼治喘,身痛,身黄。


6附子----------主治脉沉微与痛症。


7乌头----------主治与附子相似,主痛症,主治腹中剧痛,关节疼痛或手足逆冷,脉沉紧者。


8干姜----------主治多涎唾而不渴者。


9生姜----------主治恶心呕吐。


10细辛---------主治恶寒不渴而或咳,或厥冷,或痛者。


11吴茱萸------主治腹痛,头痛而干呕胸满,手足厥冷,脉细者。


12柴胡--------主治往来寒热而胸胁苦满者。


13半夏--------主治呕而不渴者,或治咽痛,咳喘,声哑,心下悸。


14黄芪--------主治汗出而肿者。黄芪症是汗出而肿,常有身困重。桂枝症是汗出而不肿,气上冲,常有关节痛。


 


15白术----------主治口渴而小便不利,兼治眩晕,四肢沉重疼痛,心下逆满,浮肿,下利或便秘。


16茯苓----------主治眩悸,口渴而小便不利者。


17猪苓----------主治小便不利者


18泽泻----------主治眩冒而小便不利者。(泽泻主眩冒,白术主渴,茯苓主悸)


19滑石----------主治小便不利而赤者


20防己----------主治下肢浮肿。


21葛根----------主治项背强痛而不利者。


22栝蒌根--------主治渴而不呕者。


23黄连----------主治心中烦而心下痞者,兼治腹痛,呕吐,下利,脉促,血证。舌质坚老暗红,舌苔黄腻而厚


24黄芩----------主治烦热而出血者,兼心下痞,不利,干呕,胸胁苦满。


25黄柏----------主治身黄,发热而小便不利且赤者,兼治热利


26栀子----------主治烦热而胸中室者,兼治身黄,心中结痛,不得眠,小便短赤。


27大黄----------主治1)腹症:心下硬,坚,按之心下满痛。2)精神症状:谵语,心热,狂,烦,燥3)大便症状:便秘,大便难4)脉症:脉滑而疾,数而滑


28芒硝----------主治便秘,舌干燥而谵语者。


29厚朴----------主治腹满,胸满,兼治咳喘,便秘。


30枳实----------主治胸腹痞满而痛且大便不通者


31栝蒌实--------主治胸中至心下闷痛而大便不通者。


32薤白----------主治胸腹痛,兼治咳唾喘息,里急后重。


33石膏----------主治身热汗出而烦渴,脉滑数或浮大,洪大者


34知母----------主治汗出而烦,身热口燥渴,脉浮大者


35龙骨----------主治惊悸而脉芤动者


36牡蛎----------主治烦惊,口渴而胸胁痞硬者


37人参----------主治气液不足1)心下痞硬,呕吐不止,不欲饮食者2)身体疼痛,脉沉迟者3)烦渴,舌面干燥者4)恶寒,脉微者


38麦门冬---------主治赢瘦而气逆,咽喉不利者


39阿胶-----------主治血证,又以便血,子宫出血,尿血为主


40干地黄---------主治血证,尤其以妇人子宫出血为多


41当归-----------主治腹痛,兼治崩漏,疮毒脓血。


42川芎-----------主治腹痛。


43牡丹皮--------主治少腹痛而出血者


44杏仁-----------主治胸满而喘,兼治腹胀便秘。


45五味子--------主治咳逆上气而时冒者


46桔梗----------主治咽痛,咽干而咳者


47葶苈子--------主治咳喘而胸腹胀满,鼻塞清涕出,一身面目浮肿者。


48桃仁----------主治肌肤甲错,小便自利者。


49庶虫----------主治经水不利,小腹满痛。


50水蛭----------主治少腹硬满,发狂善忘,小便自利者。 
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