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저축과 투자를 무시하고 소비에 집착하는 현 세태는 큰 문제이다.
Our Obsession with Consumption — while Ignoring Saving and Investment — Is a Big Problem
•Hans-Hermann Hoppe•Juan Fernando Carpio
[From an interview with Hans-Hermann Hoppe conducted by Juan Fernando Carpio.]
Carpio: Why do economists in general not teach the role of saving for the economy?
Hoppe: I agree with your assessment: In the economics profession today very little attention is given to the role of savings and very much, indeed overwhelming importance is attached instead to the role of consumption. This is a very curious situation. For while it is true that the ultimate goal of all human activity is consumption, there can be little or no consumption without prior production, and there can be no production without prior saving. To explain: Nature on its own provides us with only very few consumer goods, such as apples growing on trees or berries on bushes. For anything more and above this nature-given level of possible consumption, we must first produce the goods that we then afterwards can consume. That is, we must first devise and construct tools, instruments or machines – in economic terms: indirectly useful producer goods – which help us increase the supply of nature-given consumer goods (such as apples and berries) above their natural level or which help us bring about entirely new consumer goods, i.e., goods not found in nature at all (such as houses or cars). But: to devise and construct these producer goods (such as knifes, buckets, nets, hammers, bricks, steel plates, etc.) always requires some time, and to bridge the time to complete the construction of these goods, i.e., to eat and drink while working on them, prior savings of food and drink are necessary. Without prior savings and the “investment” of such savings in the production and accumulation of producer goods, then, no increase of future consumption is possible.
Why, then, economists pay so little attention to saving despite its enormous importance, is a question concerning the psychology or sociology of the economics profession. Naturally, the answer must be somewhat speculative.
The most apparent reason is the dominant influence gained by John Maynard Keynes and his so-called new “Keynesian economics” since the late-1930s, first in Britain, then, promoted in particular by Paul Samuelson in the US, and subsequently throughout the entire western world owing to the rank of the US as the world’s foremost superpower and its policy of military, monetary and cultural imperialism and hegemony. Characteristically, Samuelson’s Economics has been translated into all major languages and was for many decades the worldwide bestselling economics textbook.
However, the more fundamental reason is another one. It concerns the immediate follow-up question as to why Keynesian economics could possibly achieve such extraordinary success. The answer: Because what Keynesianism teaches is exactly what state-governments want to hear. And saying and preaching what governments like to hear in order to “scientifically” legitimize what they want to do all along anyhow brings rich rewards within a system of “public education,” i.e., within a school and university system almost totally controlled and tax-financed by government.
And what, then, is it that the “high priests” of Keynesianism, ensconced everywhere in the most prestigious and well-paying academic positions, teach and preach and that all governments love to hear? That all economic problems (stagnation, recession, depression, or whatever) are the result of under-consumption; and never ever are they, as plain common sense would suggest, the result of under-saving or under- production. And how to fix the problem of under-consumption and stimulate consumption? By taxing the rich (because they supposedly spend too little of their income on consumption and too much on savings) and giving it to the poor (who spend almost all of their income on consumption), by printing and spending more government paper-money, by the expansion of government paper-money credit, and by increasing government debt.
Rightly, Ludwig von Mises has characterized and ridiculed this economic “stimulus program” as the vain attempt of performing the biblical miracle of turning stones into bread.
JFC: What effects on progress and culture does saving have?
HHH: The answer has been already indicated. Everywhere, most people strive after a greater and better supply of food, clothes, houses, cars, TV-sets, computers, etc., and it is impossible to realize this goal without saving. And while some people may sneer at this as “only” material progress or even “materialism,” it must be emphasized that it is only on the basis of an improvement in the material conditions of human life that also human culture can possibly flourish and progress. There can be no writers, composers, musicians, painters, sculptors, actors, etc., without paper and ink, printing presses, musical instruments, colors, canvas, sculpting instruments, theatres, museums, galleries, etc., and without the leisure-time made possible and provided by material prosperity.
JFC: Do the current saving systems for retirement in the West work? If not, with what should they be replaced?
HHH: From both an economic and moral point of view, the provision for a person’s old age (retirement) should be an entirely private matter. Each person should take responsibility for his own old age. Be it through traditional, inter-generational “family insurance,” or through individual savings, investment in professionally administered private retirement accounts or the purchase of various forms of insurance. Such an arrangement does not eliminate all problems associated with old age, of course. But: On the one hand, the traditional institution of “family-insurance” promotes and rewards “good” social behavior: mutual affection, attentiveness, kindness, gratitude, decency and respect, and thus strengthens family and family bonds. And more generally, this arrangement strengthens individual responsibility in rewarding diligence and farsightedness and punishing negligence and shortsightedness. Hence, it tends to reduce old-age-problems to the humanly lowest possible level.
In sharp contrast: In the Western world, old age provision has become increasingly, and nowadays indeed almost completely a State-matter - and accordingly, the institution of the family, human decency, family bonds and individual responsibility have been systematically weakened. The State takes care of everyone and hence, no need to be nice to anyone or to assume individual responsibility.
How does the State “care”? It taxes private businesses and income-earners and supposedly “invests” these funds for the old age of its citizenry. In a few cases (such as Norway, for instance) funds are indeed invested, but the investing is not done by competing private investment companies, but by a monopolistic government investment agency that invests in “politically correct” enterprises and thereby, as a “stake-owner” takes a special interest in such enterprises (while at the same time discriminating against other, “politically incorrect” businesses). Moreover, even in this “least bad” investment scenario, the tie between individual retirement-tax payments and the later, individual old age retirement-receipts or pensions is systematically broken and distorted. That is, even individuals who did not earn any or only very little income during their work-life and accordingly paid no retirement-tax at all, such as all “welfare recipients” as well as all government employees (who do not pay taxes, but whose incomes are paid instead out of taxes), nonetheless receive retirement pensions (and in the latter case often quite lush ones). Whereas: All individuals who did (forcibly) contribute to the pension fund, and the more so the higher their individual contribution was, receive less, and often far less, in retirement-pay-outs than corresponds to their individual pay-ins.
In the overwhelming number of cases the situation is even worse, however. Most western “welfare-States” do not save and invest the retirement-taxes extracted from working businesses and individuals at all. Rather: Under the euphemistic title of a “generation-contract,” they spend these funds immediately as retirement-benefits or pensions on the currently “old generation,” and they promise, chain-letter like, to pay for the retirement of the presently working generation by the retirement-taxes to be imposed on the next, not-yet-working “future generation,” and so on.
But what if the future generation does not pay or cannot pay, because the population is aging? What, if life expectancy is going up and birthrates are falling below replacement levels, as is already the case in practically all western countries today? What if ever fewer working people have to support a steadily growing number of old and longer living retirees? Then the system must inevitably collapse, resulting in widespread impoverishment not only for the then retired-old but also for the then working-young!
JFC: Anything to add on the topic of saving?
HHH: Yes, first this: As important as savings are for economic prosperity and rising living standards, they are not enough. We can save as much as we want and pile up increasingly larger amounts of saved-up, i.e., non-consumed, consumer goods, but if we don’t have any idea how to invest these savings, i.e., how to convert them into productivity enhancing producer goods or new and better consumer goods, not much improvement will come of it. We also need the idea of a net, a boat, a hammer, a house, a car, a calculator, etc., and the knowledge how to realize and manufacture these things. And this requires human imagination, intelligence, ingenuity and skill. Hence, any society intent upon improving its own material conditions should acknowledge the importance of these human qualities and talents and honor those individuals that display them. Not by rewarding inventors and innovators with any legal monopolies, of course, as this would delay and distort the spread of human knowledge, but by public recognition and praise.
And this: Recognition and praise should likewise go to entrepreneurs and entrepreneurial talents. For it is not enough to have only savers and ingenious designers and constructors of new and better producer or consumer goods. In order to best satisfy consumer demand and increase material living standards, it is also necessary that all products being produced are produced in the least costly or most economic way, such that the production of no one good comes at the expense of the non- or less-production of any other, more highly valued good. Here is where the profit-seeking - and loss-risking – entrepreneur and entrepreneurial talent come into play. The entrepreneur saves or borrows money from savers (against promise of repayment plus interest), he hires and pays inventors, technicians and other laborers, and he buys or rents land, raw materials and producer goods to then proceed to produce whatever final product he has chosen to produce. He does so in the hopeful anticipation of a monetary profit, a surplus of money received from the sale of his final product over money expended on its production. His profit would indicate that he had successfully transformed a socially less highly valued input into a socially more highly valued output and hence, that he had not only increased his own welfare but social or consumer welfare as well.
The business of a profit-seeking entrepreneur is risky, however. The entrepreneur has no control over the potential buyers of his products. They may not be willing to pay the price asked or they may only buy a smaller quantity at this price than the quantity produced and to be sold. Hence, also the constant threat of a monetary loss exists, a surplus of money expended over money received, which would not only be a personal loss, but also and at the same time a loss of social welfare due to economic waste.
But neither is entrepreneurial success or failure a matter of mere good or bad luck, as in a lottery. Success depends on a correct assessment and understanding of future consumer demand for one’s product, and the human talent to correctly identify potential buyers and their future willingness to pay for one’s specific product is not distributed evenly among all people. Most people show little or no talent in this regard and accordingly do not even try their hand at entrepreneurship, and even among those who try, most fail and disappear quickly from the ranks of entrepreneurs. Only very few people have sufficient entrepreneurial talent to be continuously, again and again successful and stay in business for long. They, above all, should be publicly recognized and hailed (and never be envied), if one is intent upon improving the material condition of mankind.
Hans-Hermann Hoppe is an Austrian school economist and libertarian/anarcho-capitalist philosopher.
乔蔚然医师의 경험방
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张少鹏 河北医科大学中医学院
乔蔚然医师是河北省石家庄市一位民间老中医，从医数十年，经验丰富，求诊者甚多。笔者在随其抄方过程中，见其好用经验方，屡用屡效。现摘录十则，以供同道学习参考。
1．治鼻渊、鼻炎方：防风10克，辛夷10克，前胡10克，桔梗10克，天花粉10克，薏苡仁15克，白芷10克，黄芩10克，黄芪10克，白术10克，赤芍10克，牡丹皮10克，甘草10克。水煎，日1剂，分2次服。
2．治偏头痛方：当归30克，川芎10克，菊花10克，夏枯草12克，大枣10枚。水煎，日1剂，分2次服。
3．治痔疮方：苦参50克，黄芪15克，党参15克，当归15克，黄芩15克，火麻仁15克，地榆15克，蒲公英15克，山栀10克。水煎，可内服（日1剂，分3次服）或水煎外洗患处。
4．治银屑病方：白头翁60克，红藤30克，生地30克，玄参30克，白鲜皮30克，当归15克，赤芍15克，白芍15克，丹皮10克，山栀10克，甘草5克。水煎，可内服（日1剂，分3次服）或水煎擦洗患处。
5．治痤疮、青春痘方：水牛角丝30克，生地15克，白芍20克，丹皮10克，紫草10克，红藤20克，玄参20克，当归6克，白鲜皮30克，丝瓜络10克，钩藤15克，甘草6克。水煎，可内服（日1剂，分3次服）或擦洗面部。
6．治子宫肌瘤方：黄芪10克，党参10克，白术10克，茯苓10克，山药12克，鸡内金10克，三棱10克，莪术10克，鸡血藤15克，补骨脂10克，延胡索10克。水煎服，日1剂。
7．治颈椎病、肩凝症方：黄芪10克，党参10克，秦艽10克，独活10克，威灵仙10克，桂枝6克，升麻3克，桑枝30克，伸筋草15克，防己15克，鸡血藤30克，萆薢20克。水煎服，日1剂。
8．治膝关节炎方：黄芪30克，怀牛膝15克，远志15克，石斛20克，防己15克，伸筋草15克，鸡血藤30克，忍冬藤30克。水煎服，日1剂。
9．治妇人黄带方：山药30克，芡实30克，黄柏10克，车前子10克，茜草10克，鸡血藤30克，白果10克，白术10克，补骨脂10克。水煎服，日1剂。
10．治腰酸腰痛方：熟地30克，鸡血藤30克，鹿衔草30克，淫羊藿30克，肉苁蓉12克，当归12克，桑寄生15克，川续断15克，杜仲15克，狗脊15克，萆薢25克
---------------------------------------------------------조류 인플루엔자에 걸린 조류의 치료방
禽流感属湿温，当用甘露消毒丹化裁加冰片。方如下：
滑石15 绵茵陈12 淡黄芩10 杏仁6 石菖蒲6 川贝5 藿香5 木通4
射干5 连翘6 薄荷4 羌活4 白豆蔻5 生苡仁10 芦根12 冰片0.5
制作法：暴晒，不可见火，研细粉，温开水送服，每次5—6克，日3—4次。亦可原方煎服，一天1—2剂。
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비위병의 3가지 한약 조합
毛德西教授为河南省中医院主任医师、教授、研究生导师，全国第三批名老中医药专家学术经验继承工作指导老师，全国名老中医工作室指导老师，河南省中医事业终身成就奖获得者。从事中医内科工作50年，学验俱丰，临床善于“抓主症、选主方、用主药”。在选方用药方面，以《内经》“君一臣二”为宗旨，发挥经方遣药之义，临证用药多以三味为君臣药，故称“三味”方。主药明确，方证合拍，随症加减，疗效显著。笔者有幸师从毛德西教授，侍诊其身，耳濡目染，受益良多。今就其常用“三味”方简析如下，以飨读者。本文主要介绍毛德西治疗脾胃病“三味”方奥义。藿香、佩兰、砂仁（芳香三味饮）三味为芳香健胃化湿之主药。藿香与佩兰配伍出自《时病论》，功效相仿，均有化湿、解表、止呕作用。唯佩兰对脾经湿热之口中甘腻多涎最为合拍，而砂仁化湿醒脾作用明显。三味用于中焦湿浊不化之胃炎，症见胃脘痞闷，口淡乏味，或口有秽浊之气，肢体疲倦，脉缓舌白润腻等，起效快。略予加减，对上消化道疾病颇有效验。代代花、厚朴花、佛手花（芳香三花汤）三花均为芳香理气化滞药。代代花偏于开胃宽胸，厚朴花偏于理气消胀，佛手花偏于疏解肝胃之郁。三味合用，对肝胃气郁于胸胁、脘腹，出现痞闷、胀痛、食后有堵塞不消化之感者，投之多效。三味泡水代茶饮，还有消胀减肥之效。大麦芽、稻芽、谷芽（开胃三芽饮）三芽亦具芳香气味，有疏肝健脾开胃之用。麦芽为消食药，但有明显的疏肝作用；稻芽功用与麦芽相似，帮助消化，但药力缓和；谷芽是指北方小米的芽，性温和而暖胃，且有安神作用。三味药合用，舒达肝气，开胃进食，并有温散湿邪的功效。半夏、黄连、黄芩（辛开苦降散）此三味为半夏泻心汤的君臣药，为辛开苦降之代表组合，又为苦寒与苦温之相反配伍。具有辛开湿浊散，苦降热邪除之功效。凡见心下痞满，隐隐作痛，泛泛欲呕，舌苔湿腻者，此三味为必选之药。唯其用量，当视湿与热孰轻孰重而定，而湿热之孰轻孰重，又当以舌苔为标尺。竹茹、生姜、芦根（清胃三味汤）此三味为清胃降逆组合。毛德西吸取北京脾胃病专家步玉如先生的经验，善用竹茹清胃止呕，一改过去单纯清肺化痰之用；芦根清胃生津的作用显著，凡胃热之呃逆、呕吐，常取竹茹30克，芦根30克，对胃热之逆，效果明显。但竹茹略有克伐胃气之弊，加入辛温之生姜，既加强降逆作用，又可预防竹茹克伐胃气之虞。砂仁、白蔻仁、公丁香（开胃醒脾方）此三味均有芳香气味。砂仁与白豆蔻功效相仿，均有化湿、行气、温中止呕的作用；公丁香为温中降逆药，于胃寒之呕吐、呃逆、嗳气有益。三味合用，对中焦寒湿不化所致的胃痛、泛泛欲呕、呃逆不断、时时吐浊者，每有良效。青皮、陈皮、大腹皮（理气三皮饮）此三味为理气消胀之品。毛德西指出，青皮疏肝达下，陈皮调脾达中，大腹皮行气达三焦。小腹胀痛者，以青皮为主药；胃脘胀痛者，以陈皮为主药；脘腹皆胀而痛者，以大腹皮为主药。三味合用，在舒理气机的基础上，又有健脾开胃之功效。服用后常有肠鸣下气之感。鸡内金、鸡矢藤、神曲（二鸡神曲散）此三味为健胃消食之药。鸡内金消食化石为百姓所公认，神曲的消食化积的作用比较强，特别是小儿吃多了不消化，晚上睡不好觉，又感冒，神曲应为首选药。鸡矢藤是非常好的助消化药，此三味研粉冲服，或煎汤服均可，于老人、小儿服用效果更好。神曲、山楂、大麦芽（三仙饮）此三味为“三仙饮”，在广大农村几乎都知道，是健胃消食的常用品。只是三味功效不同，神曲消面积，山楂消肉积，麦芽消果积。有的地方加上鸡内金，名为“四消散”，其消食作用更强。但对于年老体弱者，还要加一点健脾药，如白术、山药、陈皮、白扁豆等，以防消而不化。黄连、吴茱萸、刀豆子（左金豆子汤）黄连、吴茱萸为左金丸，是苦寒与苦温组合，是清肝与暖胃结合。主药是黄连，“实则泻其子”，泻心火即清肝火，肝火不亢，无犯乎胃，则胃痛、呕吐、嘈杂吞酸，自行消失。但苦寒有伤胃气，故佐以吴茱萸苦温，佐制黄连之苦寒，又有温胃暖肝的功效。刀豆子，有温中下气、和胃降逆之功。三味合用，用于湿热聚中，肝胃气逆者，其清热降逆和胃之效，功效显著。薏苡仁、白蔻仁、砂仁（三仁化湿散）此三味取“三仁汤”之义，以砂仁代杏仁。薏苡仁健脾渗湿，白蔻仁行气化湿，砂仁醒脾祛湿，三味合力，药性偏温，于脾湿、气滞、之中焦湿困证，所见纳谷不馨，口淡乏味，或有秽浊之气，用之每有良效。薏苡仁用量大一些，其他二味用量偏小。黄连、干姜、半夏（清温降逆汤）此三味是张仲景半夏泻心汤、黄连汤之主药，为辛开苦降的代表组合。黄连苦寒清热，干姜辛温开结，半夏苦温燥湿，凡湿热蕴结于中焦，升降失序，纳运失和，症见脘腹痞满，泛泛欲呕，频作呃逆，食欲不振，或有烧心、泛酸，舌苔白腻或黄腻者，此三味为对证之举。马齿苋、生山楂、白头翁（止痢饮）此方为农村流传之治痢经验方，是上世纪六十年代毛德西下乡时从村医那里学来的。主治红白痢疾，取效关键是用量，每味药应在30克以上，马齿苋治白痢，生山楂治红痢，白头翁治红白痢，三味协力，一般二三剂就会起效。炒山楂、肉豆蔻、石榴皮（止泻散）此三味用于结肠炎之久泻，炒山楂健脾止泻，肉豆蔻固肾止泻，石榴皮涩肠止泻，若是溃疡性结肠炎，可加白及、仙鹤草。还可将锡类散加入汤剂中，冲服。毛德西指出，此方是已故中原名医郭绍纷先生的经验方，已传承三代，药味虽少，疗效显著。垂盆草、败酱草、生甘草（三草降酶汤）近年来转氨酶增高的比较多，毛德西认为是由“湿热”蕴结肝胆所致。用此三味清热、解毒、和中，服用一二个月，往往能受到良效。垂盆草善“利水排脓”，败酱草善“破结排脓”，甘草和中解毒；体质好者，用量大一些，其降酶作用更快。百合、乌药、甘草（百合乌药甘草汤）此即百合乌药汤加一味甘草，百合乌药汤出自陈修园《时方歌括》，原方主治“心口痛，服诸药不效者，亦属气痛”。原方百合一两，乌药三钱，重在通气和血。毛德西加一味甘草，意在缓急和中，用量多在10到15克。用于胃脘痛或痞塞不和，但无吞酸者烧心者，此方平和而效捷。薏苡仁、附子、败酱草（薏苡附子败酱散）薏苡附子败酱散出自《金匮要略》，原治肠痈。毛德西取其义，用于下焦湿热蕴积所致之疾患，如肠痈、盆腔炎、结肠炎、囊肿、前列腺增生等。薏苡仁、败酱草，用量可以大一些；附子则要小量，不可孟浪。生白术、决明子、火麻仁（健脾通便汤）毛德西用此三味治疗便秘，常获良效。生白术健脾滋肠，促进大肠蠕动，是动力药；决明子、火麻仁，油脂多，是润肠药。此三味，用量大，则起效快；于成人或小儿之便秘，均有良效；若顽固性便秘，可加牵牛子。防风、荜茇、木香（理气宽肠饮）此三味为毛德西治疗慢性胃肠炎气滞证之主方。表现为：腹胀，肠鸣，矢气多。防风与荜茇配伍，可除肠中之积气，特别是肠鸣频频、矢气多者，服之有效；木香理气行滞，并有醒脾开胃之作用。三味合用，调理脾胃气机，除胀消滞之功效明显。九香虫、木香、香附（三香止痛散）三香止痛散，为毛德西经验方。木香、香附为常用理气止痛药，木香偏于行滞醒脾，香附偏于行气活血，为妇科之常用。而九香虫为温阳行气止痛剂，有人取九香虫与白芷配伍，代麝香开窍醒脑止痛，可见止痛作用非同一般。三味组合，用于脘腹胁肋胀痛，起效快。但阳亢者，须与潜阳药配伍，以防伤阴之弊。
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穴位-------------
三、背腰骶部的要害穴位（共8个） 1、肺俞穴 位置：第三胸椎棘突旁开1.5寸经属：足太阳膀胱经。击中后，冲击第三胁动、静脉和神经，震动心肺、破气机。 2、厥阴俞穴 位置：在第四胸椎棘突下旁开1.5寸处。经属：属足太阳膀胱经。击中后，冲击心、肺，破气机、易死亡。 3、心俞穴 位置：位于第五胸椎棘突、旁开1.5寸。经属：足太阳膀胱经。击中后，冲击心脏，破血伤气。 4、肾俞穴 位置：在第二腰椎棘突旁开1.5寸处。经属：足太阳膀胱经。击中后，冲击肾脏，伤气机，易截瘫。 5、命门穴 位置：在第二腰椎与第三腰椎棘突之间。经属：督脉。击中后，冲击脊椎破气机，易截瘫。 6、志室穴 位置：在第二腰椎棘突旁开三寸处（命门旁开三寸）经属：足太阳膀胱经。击中后，冲击腰动、静脉和神经，震动肾脏，伤内气。 7、气海俞穴 位置：在第三腰椎棘、旁开1.5寸处。经属：足太阳膀胱经。击中后，冲击肾脏，阻血破气。 8、尾闾穴 位置：位于尾骨端与肛门之间经属：督脉、督脉之络穴，别走任脉。击中后，阻碍周天气机，丹田气机不升。 四、上、下肢要害穴位（共5个）1、肩井穴位置：在大椎穴与肩峰连线三中点，肩部最高处。 经属：足少阳胆经，系手少阳、足少阳、足阳明与阳维脉之会。击中后，半身麻木。 2、太渊穴位置：仰掌、腕横纹之挠侧凹陷处。 经属：手太阴肺经。肺之原穴，百脉之会。击中后，阴止百脉，内伤气机。 3、足三里穴位置：外膝眼下三寸，胫骨外侧约一横指处 经属：足阳明胃经，足阳明之脉所入为合。击中后，下肢麻木、不灵。 4、三阴交穴位置：在内踝尖直上三寸，胫骨后缘。 经属：足太阳脾经，系足太阴、厥阴、少阴之会。击中后，下肢麻木，失灵，伤丹田气。 5、涌泉穴位置：在足掌心前三分之处，当屈足趾时出现凹陷处。经属：足少阴肾经。击中后，伤丹田气，气机不能上升，破轻功。
격투기를 보다 보면, 태양혈이나 장문혈(章门穴)을 맞고 그대로 쓰러지는 경우를 가끔 본다. 三、背腰骶部的要害穴位（共8个） 1、肺俞穴 位置：第三胸椎棘突旁开1.5寸经属：足太阳膀胱经。击中后，冲击第三胁动、静脉和神经，震动心肺、破气机。 2、厥阴俞穴 位置：在第四胸椎棘突下旁开1.5寸处。经属：属足太阳膀胱经。击中后，冲击心、肺，破气机、易死亡。 3、心俞穴 位置：位于第五胸椎棘突、旁开1.5寸。经属：足太阳膀胱经。击中后，冲击心脏，破血伤气。 4、肾俞穴 位置：在第二腰椎棘突旁开1.5寸处。经属：足太阳膀胱经。击中后，冲击肾脏，伤气机，易截瘫。 5、命门穴 位置：在第二腰椎与第三腰椎棘突之间。经属：督脉。击中后，冲击脊椎破气机，易截瘫。 6、志室穴 位置：在第二腰椎棘突旁开三寸处（命门旁开三寸）经属：足太阳膀胱经。击中后，冲击腰动、静脉和神经，震动肾脏，伤内气。 7、气海俞穴 位置：在第三腰椎棘、旁开1.5寸处。经属：足太阳膀胱经。击中后，冲击肾脏，阻血破气。 8、尾闾穴 位置：位于尾骨端与肛门之间经属：督脉、督脉之络穴，别走任脉。击中后，阻碍周天气机，丹田气机不升。 四、上、下肢要害穴位（共5个）1、肩井穴位置：在大椎穴与肩峰连线三中点，肩部最高处。 经属：足少阳胆经，系手少阳、足少阳、足阳明与阳维脉之会。击中后，半身麻木。 2、太渊穴位置：仰掌、腕横纹之挠侧凹陷处。 经属：手太阴肺经。肺之原穴，百脉之会。击中后，阴止百脉，内伤气机。 3、足三里穴位置：外膝眼下三寸，胫骨外侧约一横指处 经属：足阳明胃经，足阳明之脉所入为合。击中后，下肢麻木、不灵。 4、三阴交穴位置：在内踝尖直上三寸，胫骨后缘。 经属：足太阳脾经，系足太阴、厥阴、少阴之会。击中后，下肢麻木，失灵，伤丹田气。 5、涌泉穴位置：在足掌心前三分之处，当屈足趾时出现凹陷处。经属：足少阴肾经。击中后，伤丹田气，气机不能上升，破轻功。
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