[출처] *NHK속보, 일본 대졸 취직율 98%,고졸 97%,문재인은 일자리를 죽이는 독재자
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맘까페 자유혁명 - 맘까페의 미스테리를 밝혀내다.
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트럼프가 화웨이를 제재 명단에 포함시키는 행정 명령을 내림으로써, 중국과의 관계에서 미국은 티핑 포인트를 넘어섰다.
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미국과의 무역 전쟁이 심화될수록, 정부 부문이 투자를 떠받치는 추세가 더 명확해질 것이다.
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미중 무역전쟁의 수혜자가 베트남이라고 말하지만, 베트남 역시 중국과 유사하다.
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출처: 한경
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슘페터와 커즈너의 기업가론
슘페터의 기업가 이론은 오스트리아 학파의 시장 과정 이론에 바탕을 두지 않고, 기존의 신고전 미시경제학 이론에 근거를 두고 있다. 그가 경기 순환론의 근거로 삼고 있는 왈라스의 일반 균형이론은 심각하게 시장의 과정을 잘못 이해하고 있다.
그는 시장에 일반 균형이 나타나기 위해서는 완전한 지식이 존재한다고 믿었는데, 그로 인해 기업가 행동의 합리적인 근거를 제거해버렸다.
이에 반해 오스트리아 학파에 속하는 이스라엘 커즈너의 기업가 개념은 소비자 주권에 바탕해 있으며, 그럼으로써 개인들이 자신의 목적을 성취하는데 시장 과정이 어떤 도움을 주는지 이해할 수 있게 한다.
시장의 과정은 균형을 얻기 위한 것이 아니다. 그것은 모험을 요구하는 무지와 불확실성의 환경 속에서 타인들과의 교환을 통해 의도적인 개인들이 자신의 목적을 성취하는 과정이다.
Schumpeter vs. Kirzner on Entrepreneurs
Samuel Bostaph
[This is a selection from "Driving the Market Process: 'Alertness' Versus Innovation and 'Creative Destruction'" in the Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics.]
Joseph Schumpeter’s theory of entrepreneurship significantly differs from that of Israel Kirzner. This is particularly apparent in Schumpeter’s argument that entrepreneurial activity is characteristic of both market and non-market economies and similarly drives their development. His explanation reveals his moorings in conventional neoclassical microeconomic theory, rather than in Austrian School market process theory.
There are several serious flaws in Schumpeter’s theory of entrepreneurship. The Walrasian general equilibrium model on which he bases his theories of development and business cycles profoundly misrepresents the market process for reasons extensively treated elsewhere—particularly in the critiques of Mises and other Austrian School theorists. This is apparently what leads him to apply his entrepreneurial deus ex machina to both market and non-market contexts to the detriment of an understanding of either. In addition, his entrepreneurial deus ex machina as disruptor of general equilibrium lacks reasoned motivation. It is not a pursuer of profit opportunities, it is a Prometheus without a first cause, a mere pragmatic device to get things going. Schumpeter’s approach even runs opposite to the 1870s Marginal Revolution shift from production-driven to consumer-driven market process theory. His consumers are the tail that is wagged by the entrepreneurial dog.
Schumpeter also posits innovations as acts of entrepreneurship without an explanation of the source of the “new possibilities” that are used in innovation. He denies that they are found or created by entrepreneurship; they just come into existence somehow, lie about for awhile, are stumbled upon and get applied. His perfect knowledge assumption for a general equilibrium to exist in a market economy actually removes any rational source for entrepreneurial activity.
Kirzner’s theory of entrepreneurship has obvious and substantial moorings in Austrian School market process theory as it has developed through the work of Menger, Mises, and Hayek. His extensive development of the specifics of the entrepreneurial aspect of human action has added significantly to our understanding of it. In sharp contrast to Schumpeter’s ad hoc deus ex machina, Kirzner’s entrepreneurial concept is founded on consumer sovereignty and enhances our understanding of how the market process aids individuals in their attempts to achieve chosen ends.
Nevertheless, there are discordant elements in Kirzner’s vision. To find the essence of entrepreneurship in “alertness” to profit opportunities is insightful, but there must be more to it than that. It takes an act of will to be alert, and a further act of will to decide to do something about it. The capacity to be alert to opportunities and to strive to profit from them is gutsy and not always present all the time or in all people.
Further, Kirzner’s own comparison of his concept of entrepreneurship with that of Schumpeter is inadequate in that he accedes to Schumpeter’s “ideal type” view of “the entrepreneur,” rather than being—as Kirzner himself recognizes—an aspect of human consciousness present in exchange relations. He does this when he characterizes the difference between their respective views as one between that of the entrepreneur as disrupter of equilibrium versus that of equilibrator, thus leaving out the ignorance, uncertainty, and purposefulness that give rise to the entrepreneurial aspect of all human action only in the market process.
It is also difficult to separate innovation from entrepreneurship, if entrepreneurship is entwined with “boldness, self-confidence, creativity and innovative ability,” as Kirzner says it is. Expanding the definition of “arbitrage” to include innovation seems more like a slight of the hand than an argument. A focused alertness to possible market profit opportunities—of whatever sort—and the will to pursue them seems a necessary part of the concept of entrepreneurship. Kirzner’s later writings appear to concede this.
Lastly, the comparison between the two theories of entrepreneurial action suggest that it may be time to drop the use of the words “equilibrium” and “disequilibrium” from economics. The market process is not about attaining “equilibrium,” whether temporary or terminal. It is about purposive individuals seeking to achieve personal goals through exchange with others in a context of ignorance and uncertainty that requires speculation. Market exchange is just one of the means for the peaceful pursuit of human ends. The language of classical mechanics provides inappropriate metaphors for the explanation of the process of market exchange. The first law of thermodynamics applies only to physical science phenomena, not to catallactics, which is a science of human action in which value is created rather than being equilibrated or merely not lost.
Bostaph is Emeritus Professor of Economics at the University of Dallas.
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진폐증의 중약 치료
진폐증의 중약 치료
尘肺是由于在职业活动中长期吸入生产性粉尘(灰尘)，并在肺内潴留而引起的以肺组织弥漫性纤维化(疤痕)为主的全身性疾病。
尘肺按其吸入粉尘的种类不同，可分为无机尘肺和有机尘肺。
在生产劳动中吸入无机性粉尘所致的尘肺，称为无机尘肺。无机性粉尘可分为矿物性粉尘如石英、石棉、煤等；金属粉尘如铅、锰、铁、铍、锡、锌等及其化合物；人工无机粉尘如金刚砂、水泥、玻璃纤维等。尘肺大部分为无机尘肺。
吸入有机粉尘所致的尘肺称为有机尘肺，如棉尘肺、农民肺等。有机粉尘是指以有机物质为主的粉尘，主要的分类如下：
生物性粉尘
来自动物植物的微小型颗粒，如来源于植物的材料：棉，木，茶，谷物，来源于动物的皮毛，骨,为材料在加工过程中产生的粉尘；
化学合成性粉尘
人工合成的有机材料产生的粉尘，如有机的染料，塑料，合成橡胶，合成纤维等等。
针对已经患有无机尘肺和有机尘肺的患者而开的食疗药方：花腰豆、黄色的玉米、江米（即是南方人说的白糯米）、淡豆鼓，这四个食物一起熬成粥来喝；9方J红10黑己未日。
《江西草药》：大青叶的功效——“治急性肝炎，肺结核，矽肺，牙痛，蛇伤，过敏性皮炎。”
我国法定十二种尘肺有:矽沛、煤工尘肺、电墨尘肺、碳墨尘肺、滑石尘肺、水泥尘肺、云母尘肺、陶工尘佛、铝尘肺、电焊工尘肺、铸工尘肺。淡豆豉四两（200克）或六两（300克）熬水喝就可以治愈或者减轻这十二种尘肺疾病。
中医治疗尘肺病的实践
中医治疗尘肺病的实践
笔者通过大量成功实践认为，沙参、麦冬、百合、天花粉、阿胶、虎杖、银花、公英、白花蛇舌草等润燥解毒中药，可以明显帮助机体对抗矽尘和煤尘的理化毒性，明显提高吞尘巨噬细胞对粉尘刺激的耐受性，从而阻止肺纤维化的再发生；已经形成的肺纤维化结节属于老痰死血之积聚，须用防己（善于利痰湿从小便出，且性凉善于清热泻火，又善于治喘）、百部（润肺化痰）、川贝、瓜蒌、橘络、三棱、莪术、三七、桃仁、红花、丹参、海藻、昆布、海蛤壳（咸寒化痰）、桔梗（既能化痰、又能引诸药入肺）、鸡内金（善消体内一切积滞）、穿山龙（善于抑制自身免疫反应）、水蛭（破血行瘀而不伤血）等利湿化痰、活血通络、软坚散结、消积理气之品，促其气化分解；根据久病及肾、久病虚劳的尘肺病证特点，依据辩证对气阴两虚、脾肾气虚、脾肾阳虚等不同体质患者的虚损状态进行纠正，如阴虚可用熟地、鳖甲、枸杞、黄精等，阳虚用附子、干姜、沙苑子、胡桃肉等，气虚用黄芪、党参，血虚用当归等，脾虚用茯苓、白术、山药等，可明显缓解患者的全身虚损症状，明显增强机体自我修复的动力和持久力；麻黄、荆芥、柴胡、防风等解表散风药可以宣通肺气，缓解支气管痉挛，改善肺部的血液循环，对化痰、活血、清热、解毒、散结药物是强有力的增效剂；肺与大肠相表里，肺燥得润、肺热得清、毒火得除，则肠燥便秘得解，虎杖、白花蛇舌草均有致泄的副作用（肺脾肾虚寒者禁用），可从大肠泻肺内毒热邪火，相互为用，相得益彰。杏仁润肺降气，亦能润肠，善于化体内金石。阳虚寒饮者用细辛、桂枝、干姜、附子、法半夏温肺蠲饮，肺热为主者不可用此类热药。党参、麦冬、五味子是生脉饮，益气养阴、收敛肺气，对气阴两虚的咳喘必不可少。黄芪、白术、防风是玉屏风散，对于频繁感冒的患者适用。
血气的明显改善说明：肺通气和肺换气功能的明显改善，与宣肺解表、活血化瘀中药明显促进肺血循环，补肾益气药与活血化瘀药物配合能明显增加微循环动力，增加血红蛋白的携氧能力相关。
破血行瘀之品除了改善全身的血液循环之外，与化痰散结之品同用可以明显阻止胶原蛋白在成纤维因子作用下的聚集，从而阻止肺纤维化的新形成。泻火解毒、通络散结中药可以抑制自身抗原抗体复合物的生成，并促使肾脏、关节等器官加速清除已经沉积的自身抗原抗体复合物，配合补肾药物，促进肾脏新陈代谢，从而改善肾功能。
尘肺患者细胞免疫的下降，与肺巨噬细胞在肺内的大量死亡和尘细胞不耐受粉尘刺激所分泌的有毒信息物质抑制了T淋巴细胞的免疫诱导功能有关，养阴、润燥、泻火、解毒、散风药与益气、健脾、补肾药联合应用，可逐渐改善细胞免疫的下降，从而减少呼吸道感染的发生。
尘肺病是疑难病，其造病过程迁延持久，粉尘对肺脏正常结构的损坏几乎无法恢复，对其细胞免疫的下降的治疗也是相当缓慢的过程，尘肺病后期造成全身虚损、呼吸道感染频繁、长期缺氧，虚实错杂、寒热互见，属于中医虚劳病范畴，治疗也非一日之功。只有坚持长时间中药辩证治疗，才能重建机体自我调控的新平衡。因本次治疗时间短，胸片的改善还不理想，所以肺功能的改善也不明显。
从临床症状的改善、胸片的好转、血气的改善、肾功能的改善这些多靶点效应，可以证明以润燥解毒为核心，配合软坚散结、活血通络、消积化痰、宣肺降气、调节肺脾肾之功能的中药治疗，可促使煤工尘肺患者机体重建一个良性谐调的内环境：增强尘细胞对粉尘的耐受，抑制胶原蛋白的聚集，改善肺肾等重要脏器的微循环，促进新陈代谢，软化、分解肺纤维化结节，抑制自体免疫反应，提高细胞免疫，解除气管、支气管痉挛，改善肺通气与肺换气功能，缓解自身抗原抗体复合物造成的肾脏损伤，改善肾功能，从而改善尘肺病的咳喘、胸憋、咯痰、易感冒、易伴发隐匿性肾病等诸多症状。
猪血可以治愈：矽沛、煤工尘肺、电墨尘肺、碳墨尘肺、滑石尘肺、水泥尘肺、云母尘肺、陶工尘肺59A甲子日。
淡豆豉，中药名。为豆科植物大豆的成熟种子发酵加工品。全国各地均产。晒干，生用。《释名·释饮食》：豉，嗜也。五味调和，须之而成，乃可甘嗜也。豉有淡咸二种，淡者入药，故名淡豆豉。《名医别录》：“主伤寒头痛，寒热，瘴气恶毒，烦躁满闷，虚劳喘急，两脚疼冷。”现代研究，淡豆豉含脂肪、蛋白质和酶类等成分，有微弱的发汗作用，并有健胃、助消化作用。“淡豆豉汤可以治疗小郭父亲的肺尘病吗Q梅A方3梅甲子日。（500克淡豆豉才有疗效），淡豆豉与黄豆一起熬汤也有疗效Q方10梅Q红甲子日；新鲜的桔子肉并且与桔肉上的橘络一起吃——不吃桔核的条件下也有疗效K红10梅Q黑甲子日。”“橘络可以治疗小郭父亲的肺尘病吗3红A黑4方甲子日。200克的治愈疗效6黑K红4黑甲子日”
常见的治疗尘肺医案的经方：橘络80克、昆布80克、淡豆豉60克、白英30克、垂盆草30克、龙葵30克、岗梅20克，水煎服。
治疗尘肺医案的药方：生地30克、板蓝根30克、侧柏叶30克、夏枯草30克、黑元参15克、麦冬12克、北沙参12克、麻黄10克、川贝母6克，水煎服。
橘络、淡豆豉、黄豆、眉豆。
别名：橘丝、橘筋、橘络橘络治愈十二种尘肺疾病都有疗效：3梅4方7梅丁卯日。
性味归经：甘、苦、平、归肝、肾、脾、胃经。
功能主治：败毒抗癌、理气化痰。
桑白皮889她父亲丙寅日。
性味归经：甘寒，入肺经。
功能主治：泻肺平喘，利水消肿。用于肺热咳喘，面目浮肿，小便不利等症。
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二、原发病的治疗
从上个世纪六十年代，许多研究煤工尘肺的先驱们已经尝试了许多办法力图阻止和逆转肺纤维化，其中也不乏中药及中药提取物，如汉防己甲素等，但结果都不很理想，有些药物有效但是药物毒性太大不能为人体所接受。笔者认真观察了许多煤矿工人和煤工尘肺患者，发现接触粉尘的程度与时间与煤工尘肺的严重程度并不完全成正比，个别患者井下岩石掘进四十多年，如今已八十多岁而胸片上尘肺的表现并不明显，而有些患者井下接触煤尘几年便产生明显的尘肺X线表现和胸憋等症状表现。这说明煤矿工人对粉尘的敏感程度差异是很大的，有些对粉尘敏感的煤矿工人，肺组织处于对粉尘的高敏感状态，一旦吸入浓度过高的煤尘便引发了肺组织的过敏反应，巨噬细胞聚集到粉尘颗粒周围吞噬粉尘就会加速巨噬细胞的死亡和肺纤维化速度，肺泡周围炎明显加重了患者呼吸困难的症状。而有些煤矿工人的肺组织对粉尘颗粒的刺激形成耐受，吸入后并未引起大规模的巨噬细胞吞噬粉尘颗粒的反应，因而随气道内纤毛的摆动排出了一大部分，粉尘对机体的影响最终比较小。观察到以上这个现象后，笔者认为改变机体对粉尘的易敏状态是防止肺纤维化产生和延缓其发展的关键环节。至于能否逆转肺纤维化还是一个值得进一步实践和研究的课题。
如何改变机体对粉尘的易敏性？同其他过敏一样，对粉尘的过敏也是因为患者气虚、肾精不足和血瘀生风引起的，肺纤维化如同机体内的“疤痕组织”这些物质的产生在中医都属于“风”的范围，所以笔者在经过以上病因病机的研究后找出了造成肺纤维化的几种确切病机，自制了“益气化纤汤”来治疗煤工尘肺肺内纤维化，因条件所限未做系统临床观察，但本人的发现如果切中本病病机，应获得可靠疗效，其方药如下：红参10g、黄精20g、仙鹤草20g、熟地10g、茯苓20g、山药15g、白术10g、麦冬10g、丹参20g、穿山甲10g、蜈蚣10g、当归20g、桔梗15g、生芪30g。观察计划如下：每日一剂，连续服一个月，隔两个月后再服用一个月，共服用四个月，治疗期为一年，观察胸片进行对比，观察300尘肺患者中尘肺胸片表现是否有不同程度减轻。
三、合并症的治疗
尘肺合并症以反复呼吸道感染为主，进而累及心脏及其它脏器，感染的种类分为上呼吸道感染和支气管炎、肺炎以及肺结核，以下分急性期和缓解期谈谈煤工尘肺呼吸道感染的中医治疗。
（一） 急性期的治疗
上呼吸道的感染以风热为多，但近几年风寒感冒亦很常见，临床上见鼻寒、流鼻涕、头痛、咳嗽，有的伴咽痛发热。若以风热为主者则以桑菊饮合银翘散加减，头痛者加川芎羌活或蔓荆子，咽痛者加射干、马勃，发热者加生石膏、知母，若以风寒为主则重用葛根、荆芥、羌活、苏叶等，伴咳嗽者加桔梗、杏仁或苏子、莱菔子。自1993年至今用以上方法治疗煤工尘肺合并上呼吸道感染384例，其中单纯服中药治愈的311例，占81%，服中药有效但不能治愈，必须和用西药方能痊愈者60例，占16%，无效13例，占3%。
肺炎，以咳嗽、痰多、胸憋、发热为主症，则以麻杏石甘汤加前胡、百部、白前、鱼腥草、浙贝、桔梗、芦根、大青叶、板兰根、黄芩等化痰清热宣肺，以祛邪止咳、平喘。尘肺患者多有气虚，故多于以上诸药中加用红参、生芪，若拌肺热伤阴则加沙参、麦冬以扶正，若有肾不纳气则加枸杞子、补骨脂、五味子。本人用以上方法治疗煤工尘肺合并肺内感染98例，单纯中药治愈60例，占61%，中西药合用治愈29例，占30%，中药无效改为西药治疗的9例，占9%，其中死亡3例。
（二） 缓解期的治疗
煤工尘肺病患者多伴肺肾气虚，气滞血瘀的症状，为了改善其劳力后气短、胸憋、乏力的症状及咳喘易于感冒和肺部感染的症状，笔者研制了“矽肺扶正中药液”，用以补肾益气活血化瘀。本方采用煎药机煎药，每日一付，冬季连续服用三个月。现470例住院患者已连续应用三年，其中410例患者乏力、气短的症状明显缓解，精力和体力明显增强，占87%；450例呼吸道年感染次数减少5至10次，占96%；年死亡率也由三年前的5.6%下降为去年的2.3%。现将方药组成介绍如下：熟地10g、黄精10g、枸杞子10g、杜仲10g、菟丝子10g、补骨脂10g、葛根10 g、丹参10g、仙鹤草15g、生黄芪10 g。
四、总结
中医对煤工尘肺病的治疗尚处于探讨阶段，笔者通过十余年的实践总结出以上浮浅的经验，其核心思路是以整体辨证为核心，分急性期、缓解期连续治疗为原则，取得了临床上较显著的疗效，实践证明中医中药在煤工尘肺病上的治疗上有着广阔的前景。
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