原電 공사 중단은 헌법 위반!
골든타임즈(조갑제닷컴 회원)
정부의 신고리 원전(原電) 5·6호기 공사 중단은 헌법 위반이다. 무법적이고 범법적이다.
중단과 관련된 사람들을 중형에 처하고, 즉각 공사를 재개해서, 국가의 에너지 공급에 차질이 생기지 않게 만들어야 한다. 그래야 국민들이 살 수 있고, 공장을 돌릴 수 있다. 원자력발전소는 가장 안전하고, 청결하고, 효율이 큰 발전이다. 더 많이 만들어야 한다.
정권이 바뀌었다고 진행하던 국책 사업을 중단한 적은 역사이래 없다. 그런 판례도 없다. 한수원은 정부의 부당한 지시를 무시하고 공사를 강행하기 바란다. 신고리 5·6호기 공사 중단에 따른 비용 손실은 무려 12조원(자유한국당 주장)이라고 한다. 이번 공사 중단 과정에서만 근로자 임금 등 1000억원 이상 추가 손실이 발생된다고 한다.
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미국인들이 남북한의 차이를 보여주는 사진으로, 바로 한반도의 이 야경 사진을 꼽는다. 전기가 없어 암흑천지인 북한과, 대낮처럼 환한 대한민국. 그런데 이제 탈원전을 한다면, 남북한이 똑같이 암흑의 밤을 보내게 될 것이다.
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김상곤 교육부장관이 8일 '혁신학교 워크숍'에 참석해 "전국 교육감의 눈물겨운 투쟁과 교육 현장을 대변하는 노력이 새 정부를 만들어낸 밑거름이라고 생각한다"고 말했다
세종시교육감은 SNS에 "학생들의 시위 참여는 당연한 권리이며 촛불광장은 민주주의 배움터"라는 글을 올렸다. 광주교육감은 회의 시간에 민중가요를 틀었다. 경기교육감은 청와대 앞에서 1인 시위를 했다. 학교를 정치 현장으로 생각하는 사람들이 교육부 장관이고 교육감이다.
출처 : http://news.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2017/07/09/2017070901954.html
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소승기탕 小承氣湯
【製法用量】
大黃酒洗12克(4兩) 厚朴去皮，炙6克(2兩) 枳實炙9克(大者3枚)
上藥三味，以水800毫升(四升)，煮取400毫升(一升二合)，去滓，分二次溫服。初服湯當更衣，不爾者盡飲之；若更衣者，勿服之。
【功效】
輕下熱結，除滿消痞。
熱結을 아래로 배출함으로써, 除滿消痞한다.
【主治】
1.陽明腑實證，大便秘結，譫語潮熱，胸腹痞滿，苔老黃，脈滑而疾者。양명부 실증으로 대변이 막히고, 헛소리를 하며 潮熱가 있고, 胸腹痞滿하며, 설태는 누렇다.
2.痢疾初期、下利腹痛、裏急後重、亦可用之。이질 초기에, 설사하고 배가 아프며, 裏急後重할 때, 사용할 수 있다.
【方義】
本方乃大承氣湯去芒硝，攻下力較輕，以免傷及下焦真陰，主治痞，滿，實之陽明熱結輕證。方中大黃瀉熱通便，蕩滌胃腸；厚朴，枳實行氣散結，消痞除滿，泄其糟粕填塞之壅，並助大黃推蕩積滯，加速熱結排泄。
【辨證要點】
1.陽明腑證。
2.胸腹痞滿。
3.舌苔老黃。
4.脈滑疾。
5.痢疾初期裏急後重。
【加減】
1.熱甚痞滿：加黃連，黃芩。
2.飲食積痛：加蒼朮，陳皮。
3.血虛發熱：加當歸，生地。
4.表熱燥渴：合黃連解毒湯加石膏。
5.血虛煩熱：合四物湯加地骨皮。
【注意禁忌】
津液虧虛之便秘或氣虛蠕動無力之便難忌用。
【現代應用】
急性熱病、腸梗塞、膽囊炎、肝炎、便秘、高血壓、肥胖症、食物中毒、癲癇、精神分裂症、宿食、赤痢、閉尿、冠心病、塵肺合併肺部感染、急慢性胃炎、急性支氣管炎及急慢性膽囊炎等病 출처: yibian
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소승기탕
[組成用法]
大黃10～15g、厚朴10～30g、枳實10～20g。
水煎，分兩次溫服。 以下爲度，不下續服。
[方證]
1． 胃中燥、大便乾（或初硬後溏）、小便數、谵語、潮熱或無潮熱者。
2．大承氣湯證燥屎不甚堅硬，微煩而稍緩者。
3．臍腹脹滿，按之有彈力，舌苔厚膩，脈滑實的呃逆或便秘患者。
[現代應用]
1．傳染性疾病，如急性黃疸性肝炎、乙型肝炎、菌痢、腸炎、腸傷寒、乙型腦炎、傷寒、副傷寒、出血熱等。
2．急胰症，如粘連性腸梗阻、小兒麻痹性腸梗阻、蛔蟲性腸梗阻、産後麻痹，吐腸梗阻、手朮後腸梗阻、急性闌尾炎、急性胰腺炎、膽結石、膽囊炎、小兒膽道蛔蟲症、潰瘍病穿孔、慢性胃扭轉等。
3．其他如五官科的結膜炎，角膜炎、扁桃腺炎、舌炎、牙周膿腫等；脫肛、痔瘡、過敏性紫癜、腎功能衰竭、肺心病、哮喘性支氣管炎、食管炎、慢性胃炎、食物中毒等也可運用本方。
[經驗參考）
小承氣湯和大承氣湯所主都是陽明腑實證，隻是在瀉下程度上有輕重不同。《方機》載本方治腹滿大便不通者；汗多，大便硬，谵語者；發潮熱，大便初頭硬，後必溏者；微煩，小便數，大便硬者；下利谵語者；大便不通，哕而谵語者。《類聚方廣義》載子炳曰，大小承氣湯，本屬同證，若用芒硝，則如鈍刀，不可用矣。甚灸，子炳之不辨方法也。夫方有大小，以病有輕重緩急也。豈特大小之制哉。凡長沙之方，雖一味之去加乘除，即異其義，因而效用，亦無不異。是故醫之臨病也，見證時，能審其輕重緩急，缜密處方，則能合長沙之規矩，而後可得其活期。若粗心武斷，輕試漫投，僥幸其活，而不殺人者，罕矣，可不慎哉。并載傷寒哕逆症，有屬熱閉邪實者，有屬寒飲精虛者，又有因蛔蟲者，宜精診甄别以措方。世醫皆懼吃逆，故一見哕症，則概爲胃寒虛脫，而用治哕之劑。可謂粗矣。王宇泰用小承氣湯、瀉心湯、調胃承氣湯等。可謂獨具雙眼。《傷寒論》第208條說本方是“微和胃氣，勿令致大洩下”，可見瀉下之輕。第209條說“恐有燥屎，欲知之法，少與小承氣湯”，很顯然，本方也常被作爲使用大承氣湯之前的試探劑。
許叔微先生治療一傷寒患者，發熱，無汗，時時谵語，時因下利，大便不通三日矣，非煩非燥，非寒非痛，終夜不得卧。但心中無曉會處，或時發—·聲，如歎息之狀。醫者不曉是何證?先生認爲是胃中有燥屎，而懊惱怫郁俱作也。宜小承氣湯，下燥屎二十餘枚，得利而解（《普濟本事方》）；李土纔治一熱結旁流的患者，懊惱目張，諸藥不效，有以山藥、茯苓與之，慮其瀉脫也。李雲：六脈沉數，按其腹則痛，此協熱下利，中有結糞，小承氣湯倍大黃服之。果下結糞數枚，利止，懊惱亦痊癒（《續名醫類案》）；劉渡舟先生曾治一12歲男孩，因多吃粽子，第二日便胃痛腹脹，啼哭不止。其父與“一粒丹”服之，不但無效，腹痛反而加劇。詢知大便已3日未解，解衣觀腹，腹脹如合瓦，以手按其腹則叫哭小已。脈沉滑有力，舌苔黃白雜膩。此因過飽傷中，食填太倉，胃腸阻滞，氣機不利所政。處方：大黃，厚朴，枳實，藿香梗，生薑。服藥約一個時辰，腹中氣動有聲，旋即大便作洩，瀉下酸臭物甚多，連下兩次，腹痛止而思睡。轉用保和丸加減善後。并治—大實類虛案，患者頭暈休疲，不欲飲食，勉強進食則腹中脹痛不巳。自以爲體虛來求開補藥方。詢問先前所服藥物，皆人參健脾丸、十全大補丸等藥，不但不見療效，而反更顯體弱無力。視其舌苔黃膩，切其脈滑而有力，不屬虛證，因而再問—二便情況，果然大便乾硬而小便黃赤。此乃大實而有虛候，胃腸内有結滞，胃氣不降，燥熱上熏，乾擾清陽則頭暈；腑氣壅滞不通故腹脹疼痛；氣蘊于裏而不達于外則體疲乏力。土氣太過，則成敦阜，必以瀉藥平之。大黃，枳實，厚朴。服藥一劑後，大便瀉下3次，頭暈頓時減輕，周身輕爽如釋重負，腹脹癒其七八。後用平胃散調和胃氣而癒（《經方臨證指南》）；蒲輔周先生治一乙腦患者，住院六日，連服清熱、解毒、養陰之劑，病勢有增無減。會診時體溫高達40多度，脈沉數有力，腹滿微硬，哕聲連續，日赤不閉，無汗，手足妄動，煩躁不寧，有欲狂之勢，衝昏谵語，四肢微厥，昨日下利純青黑水，此雖病邪篤踞陽明、熱結旁流之象，但未至大實滿，而且舌苔穢膩，色不黃老，未可與大承氣湯，乃用小承氣湯法微和之。服藥後，哕止便通，汗出厥回，神清熱退，諸證豁然，再以養陰和胃之劑調理而癒（《傷寒論醫案集》）。
本方常常加味使用，如《清代名醫醫案精華》載張仲華治一疫邪，壯熱神糊，徒然而發，脈數大而混糊無序，舌垢膩而層疊厚布，矢氣頻轉，小溲自遺，脘腹痞硬，氣粗痰鳴，既非尋常六氣所感，亦非真中類中之證。觀其戢戢自汗。汗熱而不粘指，轉側自如，四體無強直之態。舌能伸縮，斷非中風。設使外感，何至一發便劇?而安能自汗?倘守傷寒先表後裏、急下存陰之論否?蓋是證也，一見藍斑則胃已爛而包絡已陷，迅速異常，盍早議下，尚可僥幸。諸同學以爲然否?處方：厚朴，大黃，枳實，黃芩，槟榔，草果，知母，陳皮。二診，神誌得清，表熱自汗，腹猶拒按，矢氣尚頻，便F粘膩極穢者未暢，小水點滴如油，脈數[咯有次序，舌苔層布垢濁，胃中穢濁蒸蘊之勢，尚行燔濁，必須再下，待裏滞漸楚，然後退就于表。吳又可治疫之論，闡發前人所未備，甚至有三四下而後退走表分者，若作尋常發熱論，治豈不謬乎?與大承氣湯加銀花，知母，川連，丹皮，滑石治療。
并載金子久先生治療某患。尤形之酒毒，留及營衛；有形之食滞，阻礙腸胃。營衛阻則氣血失司宣通，腸胃滞則升降失其和暢，血滞化熱，發現斑塊，氣滞化熱，遂成腫病。腸不通更衣艱難，胃不降呃忒連聲。前經吐紅吐黑，不外嗜酒致傷；現臍痛腹痛，定是宿垢凝聚。紅非陽絡之血，黑是胃底之濁，斑非外感之風，腫是酒熱之毒。熏蒸之熱毒，遂減由肝傳胃，唇爲焦躁，眶爲紅腫。氤氲之食滞，畢竟由胃人腸，腹爲鳴響，腰爲酸楚。左脈窒郁不暢，右脈滑澀不勻，病狀已有十日，增劇僅有半旬。實症何疑，捨攻奚就。處方：制錦紋，枳實，厚朴，豆豉，山梔，大青葉，連翹殼，丹皮，茅根，桃廠泥，忍冬，酒藥。《傷寒論醫案集》載宋某，因右側腹股溝嵌頓疝，自行用力復位，引起腸穿孔及腹膜炎。腸縫合朮後第二天，發生動力性腸梗阻。此時腹脹，有壓痛和肌緊張，腸鳴音消失，無大便或排氣，脈洪大有力，舌苔黃燥。處方：大黃，厚朴，枳實，銀花，連翹，黃柏，黃芩。服藥4小時後排便，諸症随之消失。第二日下午便可進食
本方是大承氣湯的姊妹方，有宣氣除滿、瀉熱通便的作用。但尤芒硝，則軟堅散結作用較弱。故用于大承氣湯證之緩者。如氣脹明顯、胸腹滿痛，則宜川厚朴三物湯爲妥。大小承氣湯都是治療急腹症的常用處方。但因藥味峻插，使用時還是慎重爲妥。就急腹症而言，機械性腸梗阻、絞窄性腸梗阻、腸穿孔、腸壞死，腸出血等都要慎用。患者早期全身狀態較差，脈率增加、發熱或休克或嘔吐頻繁、局部隆起、腹痛發作急驟、劇烈、呈持續性或陣發性絞痛者，可能足絞窄性腸梗阻。另外，調胃承氣湯也容易和小承氣湯混淆。調胃承氣湯雖治腹滿、便秘，但有心煩、潮熱、谵語、汗出等證可與本方鑑别；而厚朴七物湯因兼表證，所以必有發熱、腹滿、上衝、嘔吐、便結、脈浮數等證；厚朴生薑大棗半夏人參湯所主腹滿，屆飲停中虛之滿，定有納食減少、心下痞滿、口中乏津而舌苔白潤等證。編者師其意，小制其劑，或爲丸散，應用于一些體格壯實的老年病，效果不錯。因大黃屬苦味的健胃藥，再配伍行氣除痞降下消滿的枳朴。則胃腑自然通順，身體内外得到平衡。
[原文點睛]
1．陽明病，脈遲，雖汗出不惡寒者，其身必重，短氣，腹滿而喘，有潮熱者，此外欲解，可攻裏也。……若腹大滿不通者，可與小承氣湯，微和胃氣，勿令致大洩下。（208）
2．陽明病……若不大便六七日，恐有燥屎，欲知之法，少與小承氣湯，湯入腹中，轉矢氣者，此有燥屎也，乃可攻之。若不轉矢氣者，此但初頭硬，後必溏，不可攻之。攻之必脹滿不能食也。欲飲水者，與水則哕。其後發熱者，必大便復硬而少也．以小承氣湯和之。……（209）
3．陽明病，其人多汗，以津液外出，胃中燥，大便必硬，硬則谵語，小承氣湯主之。若一服谵語止者，更莫復服。（213）
4．陽明病，谵語，發潮熱，脈滑而疾者，小承氣湯主之。因與承氣湯一升，腹中轉矢氣者，更服一升；若不轉氣者，勿更與之。明日又不大便，脈反微澀者，裏虛也，爲難治，不可更與承氣湯也。（214）
5．下利谵語者，有燥屎也。宜小承氣湯。（374）
6．太陽病，若吐，若下，若發汗後，微煩，小便，敷，大便田硬者，與小承氣湯，和之癒。（250）
7．得病；三日，脈弱，無太陽柴胡證，煩躁，fc下硬，至四五日，雖能食，以小承氣湯少少與，微和之，令小安。至六日，與承氣湯一升……。（251）
8．下利谵語者，有燥屎也，小承氣湯主之。（《金匱要略第十七篇第四十一條）大黃四兩（酒洗）、厚朴二兩（炙，去皮）、枳實三枚（大者，炙）。上三味，以水四升，煮取一升二合，去滓。分溫二服。初服湯當更衣，不爾者盡飲之。若更衣者，勿服之。
[注論精選]
鍾小南：痞滿，故用枳朴消痞洩滿，以匪較大承氣爲輕，故減其藥量；實則胃熱便閉，故用大黃洩熱通便；不燥則熱未結，故去芒硝（《傷寒淪便讀》）。
尤在涇：谵語者，胃實之證，爲有燥屎也，與心下堅，脈滑者大同。然煎大承氣湯者，以因實而致利，去之惟恐不速也；此用小承氣湯者，以病成而適實，攻之恐傷及其正電（《金匱要略心典》）。
柯韻伯：夫諸病皆因于氣，穢物之不去，由于氣之不順，故攻積之劑，必用行氣之藥以主之。亢則害，承乃制，此承氣之所由名。又病去而元氣不傷，此承氣之意也。大方分大小，有二義焉，厚朴倍大黃，是氣藥爲君，名大承氣；大黃倍厚朴，是氣藥爲臣，名小承氣。味多性猛，制大其服，欲令洩下也，因名門大；昧少性緩，制小其服，欲微和胃氣也，故名曰小。二方煎法不同，更有妙義，大承氣用水—鬭，先煮枳朴，煮取五升，内大黃者取三升，内硝者，以藥之爲性，生者銳而先行，熟者氣鈍而和緩，仲景欲使芒硝先化燥屎．大黃繼通地道，而後枳朴除其痞滿，緩于制劑者，正以急于攻下也。若小承氣湯則三物同煎，不分次第，而服之四合，此求地道之通，故不用芒硝之峻，且遠于大黃之銳矣，故稱爲微和之劑（《傷寒來蘇集》）。
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필자: 張步桃
【出處】
《傷寒論‧陽明病篇》全篇
【組成】
(一)大承氣湯：大黃四兩酒洗、厚朴八兩、枳實五枚、芒硝三合。
(二)小承氣湯：大黃四兩不炮製、厚朴二兩、枳實三枚。
(三)調胃承氣湯：大黃四兩酒洗、甘草二兩、芒硝半升。
【概說】
承氣湯系列出自〈陽明病篇〉全篇。
煎煮很講究，大承氣湯分三階段煎煮：先煮厚朴、枳實，次煮大黃，沸後再放芒硝。如不照此法煎煮，往往不能發揮藥效。我就有過體認，有一王女士是我同事，畢業於師範大學藝術系，與大導演白景瑞先生同學。由於生活作息非常不正常，從早上匆匆忙忙趕交通車進辦公室，看完報紙已十點多才吃早點。中午十二時是午餐時間，老大姐用來補眠。午睡後辦公，四點多才吃午餐，五點多下班開始打牌到晚上十點吃晚餐。周而復始，經年累月，造成腸胃系統紊亂，因此大便失常、便秘。
我生平第一次用此方就是用在王女士身上，但她服後竟然沒反應，當時我懷疑這位大姐是鐵胃，再查考大承氣湯煎服法才恍然大悟。所以現在病患要用飲片(煎煮)，我會坦白告訴患者：「你未必會煎藥，除非醫師告訴你煎煮的程序、步驟。」經多年經驗，我發覺用科學濃縮中藥，也有同樣效果。用煎煮法，一是浪費時間，二是不小心熬焦釀成火災，得不償失。
陽明分經病、腑病，經病症狀是「身熱，煩渴，目痛，鼻乾不得眠，不惡寒反惡熱」；陽明腑病則是「譫語，潮熱，手足腋下濈然汗出，腹滿痛，大便鞭」。但因症狀有輕重之分才有大小承氣、調胃承氣之分。
後代溫病學家，乾脆將三種加在一起用，變成三一承氣湯。《傷寒來蘇集》作者柯琴先生很不以為然，故在〈傷寒論翼製方大法〉一文中明確區分，調胃承氣湯為胃之下藥，小承氣湯為小腸之下藥，大承氣湯則是大腸之下藥。所以別看組戌僅一味不同，臨床運用對象、部位效果就不同。
【主治病症】
１.便秘
所謂痞滿燥實「堅」，堅即燥屎排不出，用芒硝軟堅，厚朴、枳實推動，大黃刺激腸管，達到通便效果。由於傷寒發燒消耗體液造成神昏--意識紊亂；譫語--胡言亂語；捻衣摸床--視覺模糊，找不到方向，又常將衣服穿反；不別親疏--分不清親人或陌生人。類似現代醫學的腦膜炎，不立即處理可能造成嚴重後遺症。故老祖先就用急下存陰之法的大承氣湯治療，也就是《內經》「病在上取之下」或「上病下治」的原則。
如要確診是否為腦膜炎，以現代醫學會用電腦斷層、核磁共振或骨髓穿刺，且不是立即可確診。但我們只要掌握男子十個字、女子八個字即可確定。即「高熱」而出現「神昏、譫語、舌捲、肢厥、囊縮(男子)」。高熱抑制運動神經傳導失常，造成神智不清(神昏)，神智不清而譫語，手腳冰冷即肢厥，中樞神經無法控制而舌捲，男子則陰囊會內縮。只要有其中一項症狀，幾乎可以研判已罹患腦膜炎。仲景提出這種簡便有效的方法，值得參考。
２.高燒
台北內湖有個張姓小男生發高燒，先住某綜合醫院，然後轉往某大醫院三個星期，未退燒轉台大，經朋友介紹希望我到台大出診。我在電話問診，其中問到「大便是否正常」，對方答「一週一次」，隨即配大承氣湯加遠志、菖蒲，三天共九包藥，服到第八包體溫明顯下降，手足抽搐減緩而出院。
該幼童原本伶牙俐齒，口齒清晰，因高熱影響語言中樞，變成不會講話。又因高熱導致運動神經受損傳導障礙不能走路(原本是活蹦亂跳的小朋友)，故第二階段用清熱化痰湯，復原後再以六味地黃丸、七味白朮散，改善其運動走路。總算把本來一個健康活潑正常的小朋友，卻因便秘高燒演變成急性重症的小命搶救回來。多年後因別的病症來診，我特別恭喜他平安成長，順利就學 。
另有一位應老先生，身體很瘦，也是一週甚至十幾天才排便一次，但個性很急，太太陪診幫忙訴說症狀，常被老先生打斷，不准太太插話。我也用過多種方法無效，這是我失敗的病案。
３.熱結旁流
這名詞出自《溫病條辨》，是指排便時，只排穢水而無食物糟粕。我們人體大腸是一囊一囊的，食物糟粕被卡在腸管囊節間，水份是透過腸黏膜間隙排出，這就是熱結旁流。台北市自來水事業處一位李姓工程師，每天大便二十多次，住某大醫院觀察治療，檢查不出結果。經我深思研究，發現類似「熱結旁流」，即以調胃承氣湯加當歸、烏藥、木香，服後由每天廿多次降為十六次，穢水間雜有些黏液排出，表示治療方向正確。但家囑心急憂慮的問我：「醫院確認大腸有廿公分的瘜肉，是否要外科手術？」我無法替病患出主意，建議他們家庭會議決定，事後發展如何，我未追蹤，故預後不得而知。
４.癲狂
精神分裂常因大腦意識中樞錯亂，無法控制自己的言語行為，用本方也是依「上病下治，病在上取之下」方式治療。
５.中消
中消是上消、中消、下消其一症狀，臨床表現是消穀善飢，即正常人飯後三至四小時才餓，但這類病患是一或兩小時就急著找食物吃。糖尿病患者也常伴有此症狀。我以調胃承氣湯清胃火，再加玉竹、黃精補充胃液，就有飽足感，消穀善飢症狀就可改善。
我第一個病患是台北銀行的章小姐，另一位鄭姓女生食慾很好，一頓飯要六碗飯才飽，但兩人身材都很消瘦，我就是用承氣湯加玉竹、黃精後，症狀很快獲得改善。唯一缺點是曾有下利症狀，也因為有腹瀉現象，很多人服了不敢出遠門。所以近幾年我思考無腹瀉感副作用的替代方劑甘露飲加味，還是有很好的療效。
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【调胃承气汤】
调胃承气汤是由大黄、甘草、芒硝组成的，主要可以缓下热结，主治是阳明病胃肠燥热证以及胃肠热盛而致发斑吐衄，口齿咽喉肿痛等，可以以泄代清，治疗上焦有热证。
调胃承气汤也是《伤寒论》上，承气系列里面一个很有名的方。它的组成，是大承气汤去掉厚朴、枳实，加上甘草，以这个煎服法来讲，这个方是大黄和甘草同煎，甘草能够缓和药性，遇寒可以缓其寒，遇热可以缓其热，和大黄同煎，大大地缓和了大黄的清热泻下作用。芒硝融化服，整个方体现了一个缓下。
调胃承气汤名称叫调胃，实际上调胃有和胃的意思。通过清热通下和胃，一个是使胃气下行，恢复下行。一个能通过畅通腑气，畅通胃肠腑气，使上部之热下行，所以这方常用来起到釜底抽薪的作用。它也是常用作缓下热结的一个基础方。后世运用这个基础方来配伍，往往在两种情况，一种情况有大便燥结，但是阻滞气机不明显，所以从痞满燥实四证来讲，气滞造成的痞满不明显，这种情况清热泻下用调胃承气，还有一类用调胃承气，是上部有热。特别是胃脘以上，胸膈，甚至于包括头面咽喉，上焦有热用这个方，它可以起到以泻代清，釜底抽薪，这个作用。所以后世在这方面用的反而多起来，譬如像血热上冲，吐血衄血等等，用这个方，釜底抽薪，引热下行，治上通过治下来体现了。
所以从主治来讲，说他阳明病胃肠燥热证。这个胃肠燥热证，没有谈到他一定有没有大便不通，可以用于大便不通，没有大便不通这个也能用，就是上部热盛，它引热下行，比如上部口渴心烦，而且阵阵发热，像这种就反映了上部的热，胃肠有热，热性升散，造成了比如发斑、兔衄，口齿咽喉肿痛，用它来引热下行，釜底抽薪。
因为阳明腑实证比较轻，比较轻证，这个热实互结，阻滞气机不明显，腹中可以有一些胀痛。但是不是痞、满、胀、痛很重，那也可以用调胃承气汤缓下热结。
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'사회적 경제법', 시장경제에 대한 도전이다
[분석] 사회적경제법 논란
한정석 편집위원
---> 2년 전 쓴 글이지만, 오늘의 상황을 이해하는데 도움이 된다. 전문은 아래 주소에 있다.
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일자리 창출을 위한 추경안에 led 교체에만 460억 원이 들어간다. 국민이 피땀 흘려 번 돈을, 저 따위로 버리고 있다. 지난 번에 말했듯이, 탈세가 애국이다.
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Niall Ferguson
Hm. @krauthammer thinks @realDonaldTrump will "acquiesce" as Kim Jong-un builds nukes capable of hitting the US:
krauthammer는 옛날에 타임지에 자주 글을 올렸던 꽤 유명한 칼럼니스트인데, 다음과 같이 썼다.
The fact that Russia and China would, amid a burning crisis, propose such a dead-on-arrival proposal demonstrates that their real interest is not denuclearization. Their real interest is cutting America down to size by breaking our South Korean alliance and weakening our influence in the Pacific Rim....
If we want to decisively alter the strategic balance, we could return U.S. tactical nukes (withdrawn in 1991) to South Korea. Or we could encourage Japan to build a nuclear deterrent of its own. Nothing would get more quick attention from the Chinese. They would face a radically new strategic dilemma: Is preserving North Korea worth a nuclear Japan?
We do have powerful alternatives. But each is dangerous and highly unpredictable. Which is why the most likely ultimate outcome, by far, is acquiescence.
Read more at: http://www.nationalreview.com/article/449280/north-korea-icbm-test-crosses-red-line-nuclear-crisis
Read more at: http://www.nationalreview.com/article/449280/north-korea-icbm-test-crosses-red-line-nuclear-crisis
북한 핵 문제에 있어 중-러시아가 협력하고 있고, 대안을 내놓기가 어려워, 트럼프가 그냥 북핵을 받아들일 거라는 예측이다.
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노동당 당수인 제레미 코빈은 "나는 모든 사람들이 제대로 먹고사는 영국에서 살기를 원한다."라고 말했지만, 그는 지난 20년 동안 차베스의 베네수엘라를 찬양해왔다.
----> 한국에서도 베네수엘라와 그리스를 본받고 싶어하는 인간들이 권력을 휘두르고 있다.
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Mungerisms
Getting wiser is a combination of humility and diligent curiosity. Without the first, the second is useless: You won't truly learn anything.
현명해지는 것은 겸손과 끊임없는 호기심의 결합이다. 하지만 겸손이 없다면 호기심은 소용이 없다. 그러면 아무 것도 배우지 못한다.
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Michael Driver
The incomparable John Gray on economists bewitched by the sorcery of numbers
존 그레이는 영국의 철학자이다. 그는 경제학이 인간 행동의 수학적 모델에 현혹되었다고 비판하고 있다.
하지만 이미 오래 전에 경제학자 미제스와 하이에크가, 위와 같은 현상을 과학주의(scientism)라고 비판했다.
내가 <서구의학은 파산했다>고 주장하는 이유도, 인간을 기계로 보는 기계론적인 인간관, 나아가 환원주의에 기초한 현재의 의학으로는, 복잡계인 인간을 이해할 수 없다고 믿기 때문이다.
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The chief root of our present monetary troubles is, of course, the sanction of scientific authority which Lord Keynes and his disciples have given to the age-old superstition that by increasing the aggregate of money expenditure we can lastingly ensure prosperity and full employment.
It is a superstition against which economists before Keynes had struggled with some success for at least two centuries. It had governed most of earlier history. This history, indeed, has been largely a history of inflation; significantly, it was only during the rise of the prosperous modern industrial systems and during the rule of the gold standard, that over a period of about two hundred years (in Britain from about 1714 to 1914, and in the United States from about 1749 to 1939) prices were at the end about where they had been at the beginning. During this unique period of monetary stability the gold standard had imposed upon monetary authorities a discipline which prevented them from abusing their powers, as they have done at nearly all other times. Experience in other parts of the world does not seem to have been very different: I have been told that a Chinese law attempted to prohibit paper money for all times (of course, ineffectively), long before the Europeans ever invented it!
The claim of an eminent public figure and brilliant polemicist to provide a cheap and easy means of permanently preventing serious unemployment conquered public opinion and, after his death, professional opinion too. Sir John Hicks has even proposed that we call the third quarter of this century, 1950 to 1975, the age of Keynes, as the second quarter was the age of Hitler. I do not feel that the harm Keynes did is really so much as to justify that description. But it is true that, so long as his prescriptions seemed to work, they operated as an orthodoxy which it appeared useless to oppose.
What will happen during a major inflation is illustrated by an observation from the early 1920s which many of my Viennese contemporaries will confirm: in the city many of the famous coffee houses were driven from the best comer sites by new bank offices and returned after the 'stabilization crisis', when the banks had contracted or collapsed and thousands of bank clerks swelled the ranks of the unemployed.
전에도 말했지만, 하이에크의 문장은 모두 논리가 정연한 명문들이다. 마지막에 영국이 금본위제도를 운영하고 있을 때, 100년된 페니를 사용했다는 말은, 화폐 안정이 무엇인지 말해준다.
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MBC 죽일려고 작정했음
https://youtu.be/JmwGY69FaW4
하지만 이미 오래 전에 경제학자 미제스와 하이에크가, 위와 같은 현상을 과학주의(scientism)라고 비판했다.
내가 <서구의학은 파산했다>고 주장하는 이유도, 인간을 기계로 보는 기계론적인 인간관, 나아가 환원주의에 기초한 현재의 의학으로는, 복잡계인 인간을 이해할 수 없다고 믿기 때문이다.
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Money, Keynes, and History
Friedrich A. Hayek
The chief root of our present monetary troubles is, of course, the sanction of scientific authority which Lord Keynes and his disciples have given to the age-old superstition that by increasing the aggregate of money expenditure we can lastingly ensure prosperity and full employment.
It is a superstition against which economists before Keynes had struggled with some success for at least two centuries. It had governed most of earlier history. This history, indeed, has been largely a history of inflation; significantly, it was only during the rise of the prosperous modern industrial systems and during the rule of the gold standard, that over a period of about two hundred years (in Britain from about 1714 to 1914, and in the United States from about 1749 to 1939) prices were at the end about where they had been at the beginning. During this unique period of monetary stability the gold standard had imposed upon monetary authorities a discipline which prevented them from abusing their powers, as they have done at nearly all other times. Experience in other parts of the world does not seem to have been very different: I have been told that a Chinese law attempted to prohibit paper money for all times (of course, ineffectively), long before the Europeans ever invented it!
Keynesian rehabilitation
It was John Maynard Keynes, a man of great intellect but limited knowledge of economic theory, who ultimately succeeded in rehabilitating a view long the preserve of cranks with whom he openly sympathised. He had attempted by a succession of new theories to justify the same, superficially persuasive, intuitive belief that had been held by many practical men before, but that will not withstand rigorous analysis of the price mechanism: just as there cannot be a uniform price for all kinds of labour, an equality of demand and supply for labour in general cannot be secured by managing aggregate demand. The volume of employment depends on the correspondence of demand and supply in each sector of the economy, and therefore on the wage structure and the distribution of demand between the sectors. The consequence is that over a longer period the Keynesian remedy does not cure unemployment but makes it worse.The claim of an eminent public figure and brilliant polemicist to provide a cheap and easy means of permanently preventing serious unemployment conquered public opinion and, after his death, professional opinion too. Sir John Hicks has even proposed that we call the third quarter of this century, 1950 to 1975, the age of Keynes, as the second quarter was the age of Hitler. I do not feel that the harm Keynes did is really so much as to justify that description. But it is true that, so long as his prescriptions seemed to work, they operated as an orthodoxy which it appeared useless to oppose.
Personal Confession
I have often blamed myself for having given up the struggle after I had spent much time and energy criticising the first version of Keynes's theoretical framework. Only after the second part of my critique had appeared did he tell me he had changed his mind and no longer believed what he had said in the Treatise on Money of 1930 (somewhat unjustly towards himself, as it seems to me, since I still believe that volume II of the Treatise contains some of the best work he ever did). At any rate, I felt it then to be useless to return to the charge, because he seemed so likely to change his views again. When it proved that this new version—the General Theory of 1936—conquered most of the professional opinion, and when in the end even some of the colleagues I most respected supported the wholly Keynesian Bretton Woods agreement, I largely withdrew from the debate, since to proclaim my dissent from the near-unanimous views of the orthodox phalanx would merely have deprived me of a hearing on other matters about which I was more concerned at the time. (I believe, however, that, so far as some of the best British economists were concerned, their support of Bretton Woods was determined more by a misguided patriotism—the hope that it would benefit Britain in her post-war difficulties than by a belief that it would provide a satisfactory international monetary order.)The Manufacture of Unemployment
I wrote 36 years ago on the crucial point of difference:To this I would now like to add, in reply to the constant deliberate misrepresentation of my views by politicians, who like to picture me as a sort of bogey whose influence makes conservative parties dangerous, what I regularly emphasize and stated nine months ago in my Nobel Memorial Prize Lecture at Stockholm in the following words:It may perhaps be pointed out that it has, of course, never been denied that employment can be rapidly increased, and a position of "full employment" achieved in the shortest possible time, by means of monetary expansion—least of all by those economists whose outlook has been influenced by the experience of a major inflation. All that has been contended is that the kind of full employment which can be created in this way is inherently unstable, and that to create employment by these means is to perpetuate fluctuations. There may be desperate situations in which it may indeed be necessary to increase employment at all costs, even if it be only for a short period—perhaps the situation in which Dr Brüning found himself in Germany in 1932 was such a situation in which desperate means would have been justified. But the economist should not conceal the fact that to aim at the maximum of employment which can be achieved in the short run by means of monetary policy is essentially the policy of the desperado who has nothing to lose and everything to gain from a short breathing space.
The truth is that by a mistaken theoretical view we have been led into a precarious position in which we cannot prevent substantial unemployment from re-appearing: not because, as my view is sometimes misrepresented, this unemployment is deliberately brought about as a means to combat inflation, but because it is now bound to appear as a deeply regrettable but inescapable consequence of the mistaken policies of the past as soon as inflation ceases to accelerate.
Unemployment via 'full employment policies'
This manufacture of unemployment by what are called 'full employment policies' is a complex process. In essence it operates by temporary changes in the distribution of demand, drawing both unemployed and already employed workers into jobs which will disappear with the end of inflation. In the periodically recurrent crises of the pre-1914 years the expansion of credit during the preceding boom served largely to finance industrial investment, and the over-development and subsequent unemployment occurred mainly in the industries producing capital equipment. In the engineered inflation of the last decades things were more complex.What will happen during a major inflation is illustrated by an observation from the early 1920s which many of my Viennese contemporaries will confirm: in the city many of the famous coffee houses were driven from the best comer sites by new bank offices and returned after the 'stabilization crisis', when the banks had contracted or collapsed and thousands of bank clerks swelled the ranks of the unemployed.
The lost generation
The whole theory underlying the full employment policies has by now of course been thoroughly discredited by the experience of the last few years. In consequence the economists are also beginning to discover its fatal intellectual defects which they ought to have seen all along. Yet I fear the theory will still give us a lot of trouble: it has left us with a lost generation of economists who have learnt nothing else. One of our chief problems will be to protect our money against those economists who will continue to offer their quack remedies, the short-term effectiveness of which will continue to ensure them popularity. It will survive among blind doctrinaires who have always been convinced that they have the key to salvation.The 1863 penny
In consequence, though the rapid descent of Keynesian doctrine from intellectual respectability can be denied no longer, it still gravely threatens the chances of a sensible monetary policy. Nor have people yet fully realised how much irreparable damage it has already done, particularly in Britain, the country of its origin. The sense of financial respectability which once guided British monetary policy has rapidly disappeared. From a model to be imitated Britain has in a few years descended to be a warning example for the rest of the world. This decay was recently brought home to me by a curious incident: I found in a drawer of my desk a British penny dated 1863 which a short 12 years ago, that is, when it was exactly a hundred years old, I had received as change from a London bus conductor and had taken back to Germany to show to my students what long-run monetary stability meant. I believe they were duly impressed. But they would laugh in my face if I now mentioned Britain as an instance of monetary stability.
Excerpted from Choice in Currency
전에도 말했지만, 하이에크의 문장은 모두 논리가 정연한 명문들이다. 마지막에 영국이 금본위제도를 운영하고 있을 때, 100년된 페니를 사용했다는 말은, 화폐 안정이 무엇인지 말해준다.
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MBC 죽일려고 작정했음
https://youtu.be/JmwGY69FaW4
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